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Il fenomeno della Brexit ha portato diversi cambiamenti, di natura sia politico-sociale sia linguistica. Dal 2012, anno della creazione del neologismo, da questo termine ne sono stati coniati diversi altri, atti a definire i protagonisti e le implicazioni di tale evento. Questo studio si concentra su tre composti – hard Brexit, soft Brexit e smooth Brexit – che designano tre possibili realizzazioni dell'uscita del Regno Unito dall'Unione Europea. Lo scopo è quello di confrontare le definizioni di tali termini fornite da due glossari istituzionali, quello del Parlamento inglese e quello del Parlamento europeo – entrambi denominati Brexit Glossary, con le definizioni reperite nel Brexit Corpus, un corpus giornalistico di testi raccolti dal web e disponibile sulla piattaforma SketchEngine. I dati dimostrano che le definizioni dei tre termini analizzati non sono completamente coerenti e che i processi che descrivono non sono del tutto trasparenti e chiari agli utenti.

Journalist Ian Dunt explains why leaving the EU will leave Britain poorer, key industries like finance and pharmaceuticals struggling to operate, and could even lead to the country's break up. Based on expert evidence, Brexit: What the Hell Happens Now? is a searching exploration of Brexit, shorn of the wishful thinking of its supporters

Intro -- The authors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgement -- Editorial note -- Tables, figures and boxes -- 1 A blueprint for Britain: openness not isolation , -- Iain Mansfield -- Framing the endeavour -- External negotiations -- Internal preparations -- Outcomes -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Analysis of trade policy options -- Appendix B: Analysis of outcomes -- References -- 2 Britain's post-EU future and the development of EFTA plus -- Robert Oulds -- Introduction -- The EU and 'free' trade -- Aims and objectives: the desired outcomes of negotiations with the EU -- Negotiations under the Article 50: the EU's prescribed method of withdrawal -- EU law post-Brexit -- British post-Brexit influence in the EU -- Post-EU trade and migration policy -- The process of rejoining EFTA -- Reforming the EEA and EFTA: re-establishing the original purpose of the EEA -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. The alternatives -- Appendix B. Additional benefits of EFTA/EEA membership -- Appendix C. Problems with the Swiss option -- References -- 3 Old links, new ties - global free trade through the Anglosphere and Commonwealth -- Ralph Buckle and Tim Hewish -- Introduction -- Why the Commonwealth and Anglosphere nations? -- Current economic trends -- The Internet -- Should Britain join an enlarged NAFTA? -- EFTA - a possible stopgap? -- A trade deal down under: Australia and New Zealand -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Reviving the age of Drake: how a Global Free-Trade Alliance (GFTA) can transform the UK -- John C. Hulsman -- Introduction: the benefits of thinking big -- The Global Free-Trade Alliance (GFTA) -- GFTA criteria in detail -- Initial GFTA membership and the updated cohort -- The advantages of living in Drake's world -- Conclusion: deciphering the riddle of Drake's prayer -- References -- About the IEA

The article presents the results of a discourse analysis of the contextual uses of Brexit. Based on corpus-driven Internet samples, the research employs the method of semantic field analysis devised by Robin (1980) and her team of researchers from the Saint-Cloud Political Lexicography Center. According to Robin, in order to find the meaning of a word, the context of its use must be analysed, as well as its lexical relations with other linguistic units. For this reason, we have divided the elements of the co-text of the lexeme Brexit into six groups, which represent various connections of linguistic items with the SUBJECT, i.e. the lexeme under scrutiny. Subsequently, in compliance with Kłosiński's approach (1994), we propose the definitions of the SUBJECT which reflect the meanings featuring the actual usages of the lexeme Brexit and which integrate the key words from the semantic field of the concept in question. ; Izabela Sekścińska: isekscinska@pwsip.edu.pl ; Agnieszka Piórkowska: apiorkowska@pwsip.edu.pl ; Izabela Sekścińska is a lecturer at Łomża State University of Applied Sciences. Her main teaching areas are descriptive grammar of the English language and comparative linguistics. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Her current research is in the area of neuroscience and psycholinguistics. ; Agnieszka Piórkowska holds a Ph.D. in linguistics, and works as a lecturer at Łomża State University of Applied Sciences. Her research interests include cognitive investigation of modality and emotional attitude, as well as methodology of teaching English to young learners. ; Izabela Sekścińska - Łomża State University of Applied Sciences ; Agnieszka Piórkowska - Łomża State University of Applied Sciences ; Cowburn, A. 2016. Theresa May says 'Brexit means Brexit' and there will be no attempt to remain inside EU. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-brexit-means-brexit-conservative-leadership-no-attempt-remain-inside-eu-leave-europe-a7130596.html (3 September 2019). ; Davis, G. 2017. The language of Brexit. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/english-language/the-language-brexit (1July 2019). ; Evans, V. & Green, M. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Fatyga, B., Kietlińska, B., Michalczak, K., Michalski P., Piotrowski M. & Tomanek, P. 2014. Raport końcowy z badania dyskursu publicznego o prawie autorskim w Polsce w latach 2012–2013. https://prawokultury.pl/media/entry/attach/Fundacja_Nowoczesna_Polska-Raport_końcowy-Badanie_dyskursu_prawa_autorskiego.pdf (25 April 2019). ; Finegan, E. 1995. Subjectivity and subjectivisation: an introduction. In: D. Stain & S. Wright, (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectification. Linguistic Perspectives, 1-15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Firth, J. R. 1935. The technique of semantics. Transactions of the Philological Society 34(1): 36-73. ; Fontaine, L. 2017. The early semantics of the neologism BREXIT: a lexicogrammatical approach. Functional Linguistics 4(6): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-017-0040-x (15 January 2020). ; Fries, N. 1992. Wartościowanie. Aspekty językowe i pojęciowe. In: G. Falkenberg, N. Fries & J. Puzynina (eds.), Wartościowanie w języku i w tekście na materiale polskim i niemieckim. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Kłosiński, Marek. 1994. Semantyczna analiza pojęć 'bezrobocie' i 'bezrobotny' ('bezrobotni') w wypowiedziach prasowych. Kultura i Społeczeństwo 3: 151-162. ; Lakoff, G. & Johnson M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ; Langacker, R. W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ; Line, H. 2016. Oxford English dictionary offers definition of Brexit as it adds new words. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-definition-oxford-english-dictionary-add-new-words-2016-a7476271.html (6 September 2019). ; Nuyts, J. 2006. Modality: Overview and linguistic issues. In: W. Frawley (ed.), The Expression of Modality, 1-26. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Paradis, C. 2012. Lexical Semantics. In: C. A. Chapelle (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 3357-3356. Wiley: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0695 ; Paul, M. & Kisilowska, M. 2016. Czym jest czytanie? Intuicje i definicje. Kultura Popularna 4(50): 16-34. http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Kultura_Popularna/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)-s16-34/Kultura_Popularna-r2016-t-n4_(50)-s16-34.pdf (12 December 2019). ; Robin, R. 1980. Badanie pól semantycznych: doświadczenia Ośrodka Leksykologii Politycznej w Saint-Cloud. In M. Głowiński (ed.), Język i społeczeństwo, 252-281. Warsaw: Czytelnik. ; Routley, N. 2019. Ranking the top 100 websites in the world. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranking-the-top-100-websites-in-the-world/ (8 September 2019). ; Stolworthy, J. 2016. Collins Dictionary's 10 words of the year, from 'Brexit' and 'snowflake generation' to 'JOMO'. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/collins-dictionarys-10-word-of-the-year-from-brexit-and-snowflake-generationto-jomo-a7395121.html (5 January 2019). ; Stone, J. 2019. France's EU minister names her cat 'Brexit' because 'he meows loudly to be let out but won't go through the door'. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/brexit-france-theresa-may-deal-nathalie-loiseau-cat-a8828026.html (4 September 2019). ; Tapper, J. 2019. The many metaphors of Brexit. https://daily.jstor.org/daily-author/james-tapper/ (1 January 2019). ; Wilhelm, A. 1999. Event structure and syntax: German*. Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics 21(Winter): 44-65. ; Ziarko, J. 2017. Framing w nowych mediach jako narzędzie manipulacyjnego oddziaływania na społeczeństwo, na przykładzie budowania dyskryminującego obrazu uchodźców. Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka 4: 65-83. https://btip.ka.edu.pl/pdf/2017-4/btip2017-4-ziarko.pdf (26 January 2020). ; Web 1 – BBC Media Centre. https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/childrens-word-of-the-year (19 January 2020). ; Web 2 – Urban Dictionary. http://www.urbandictionary.com (21 December 2019). ; Web 3 – WebCorpLive. http://www.webcorp.org.uk/live/guide.jsp (8 April 2019). ; 31 (4/2020) ; 66 ; 87

The Brexit vote precipitated the unravelling of the UK's membership of the world's deepest economic integration agreement. This paper reviews evidence on the realized economic effects of Brexit. The 2016 Brexit referendum changed expectations about future UK-EU relations. Studying its consequences provides new insights regarding the economic impacts of news and uncertainty shocks. Voting for Brexit had large negative effects on the UK economy between 2016 and 2019, leading to higher import and consumer prices, lower investment, and slower real wage and GDP growth. However, at the aggregate level, there was little or no trade diversion away from the EU, implying that many of the anticipated long-run effects of Brexit did not materialize before the new UK-EU trade relationship came into force in 2021.

Au 31 janvier 2020 à minuit (heure de Bruxelles), le Royaume-Uni a quitté l'Union européenne. Cette sortie n'est pourtant pas totale : conformément à l'accord de retrait, le pays est entré dans une transition qui lui permet de négocier sa future relation avec l'UE, tout en restant provisoirement intégré à un certain nombre de politiques européennes. Cette phase doit prendre fin au 31 décembre 2020 au plus tôt, mais les pourparlers semblent actuellement en impasse. S'il demeure la conséquence directe du référendum organisé le 23 juin 2016 par l'ancien Premier Ministre David Cameron, le « Brexit » reflète de longues décennies de rapports tumultueux avec l'Europe supranationale, qui ont nourri l'euroscepticisme et anti-européenisme des Britanniques.[.]

My very first column for this blog back in 2018 was a plea to manage Brexit well, addressed mostly to the UK but also the EU. In order to restore, or safeguard whatever was left of, trust in politics and public institutions. Once the 2016 referendum had served up Brexit, whatever that was taken to mean, it was imperative on all sides to carry it through and make the best of it. Clearly, the first part happened, the second didn't, whatever the situation will be onthe 1stof January.