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The geopolitical interests of Great Britain in Azerbaijan, as well as the policy of the Caucasus in general, are considered an integral part of the historical Eastern question. It is an undeniable fact that historically every great power has used various pretexts and factors to maintain its own imperialist policy. These factors can be observed in the geopolitical interests of the great powers in current events in the world. XX. at the beginning of the XIX century, Armenians were one of the main factors in the pursuit of Britain's geopolitical interests both in the Ottoman geography and in the South Caucasus. The priority of the UK was to decipher which nation among the various ethnic and religious groups in the Caucasus could seriously resist the Turks. They did not trust the Azerbaijani Turks, who sympathized with the Ottomans because they were Turks. In turn, the Azerbaijani Turks were very worried about the British assistance to the Armenians. This aid was even used by the Armenians to annoy the Azerbaijanis. These actions of the Armenians have created public opinion that the British government is pursuing an openly anti-Islamic policy. In this study, information is discussed that the UK plays a key role in the emergence of the Armenian problem and its transnational problems, including its expansionism, and uses Armenians as the main tool in its geopolitical interests in the South Caucasus.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the British press shapes the image of Lithuania. To achieve the result certain questions were raised: how often is Lithuania mentioned in the selected newspapers; what are the major topics/coverage that mention Lithuania; what is the role of Lithuania in those topics; what attitude is being formed towards Lithuania in those topics; what means are used in the image formation. Two major British newspapers The Times and The Guardian were taken for the analysis of the articles. For the research all articles between the period of the 1st January to the 31st December 2008 were used. The methods of content analysis were mostly applied though the comparison of different newspapers was also selected. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part is used to present the general views on the media, theoretical approach, main research on national image that is formed by the media. The second part reveals the means of how and the reasons why certain sources for the reaseach were selected: the selection of the media, newspapers, articles and periods; defining the variables and formation of the code (coding schemata); gathering of information; data analysis; concluding remarks. The conclusion that was arrived is as follows. Both newspapers presented Lithuania in slightly different ways. The Times had less articles about Lithuania and the country was presented in a quite narrow context (home news) as one of the East European countries, while The Guardian had more articles in which the country was pictured in a more broad context (international events) with more topics to cover (culture, economics) and being part of the western bloc. It was also concluded that Lithuania is mostly presented through the international politics and sport context, while the articles about the crime were quite minor and repetitive of same story. Finally, the tendence of uncertainty is felt. While politically, Lithuania is quite assertive, culturally, the country is still seeking for its identity, therefore, that is felt in most stories about cultural events and that might be one of the reasons why this uncertainty is felt in the press, i.e. the tendency of not having strong opinion or having a contradictory views is present.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the British press shapes the image of Lithuania. To achieve the result certain questions were raised: how often is Lithuania mentioned in the selected newspapers; what are the major topics/coverage that mention Lithuania; what is the role of Lithuania in those topics; what attitude is being formed towards Lithuania in those topics; what means are used in the image formation. Two major British newspapers The Times and The Guardian were taken for the analysis of the articles. For the research all articles between the period of the 1st January to the 31st December 2008 were used. The methods of content analysis were mostly applied though the comparison of different newspapers was also selected. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part is used to present the general views on the media, theoretical approach, main research on national image that is formed by the media. The second part reveals the means of how and the reasons why certain sources for the reaseach were selected: the selection of the media, newspapers, articles and periods; defining the variables and formation of the code (coding schemata); gathering of information; data analysis; concluding remarks. The conclusion that was arrived is as follows. Both newspapers presented Lithuania in slightly different ways. The Times had less articles about Lithuania and the country was presented in a quite narrow context (home news) as one of the East European countries, while The Guardian had more articles in which the country was pictured in a more broad context (international events) with more topics to cover (culture, economics) and being part of the western bloc. It was also concluded that Lithuania is mostly presented through the international politics and sport context, while the articles about the crime were quite minor and repetitive of same story. Finally, the tendence of uncertainty is felt. While politically, Lithuania is quite assertive, culturally, the country is still seeking for its identity, therefore, that is felt in most stories about cultural events and that might be one of the reasons why this uncertainty is felt in the press, i.e. the tendency of not having strong opinion or having a contradictory views is present.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the British press shapes the image of Lithuania. To achieve the result certain questions were raised: how often is Lithuania mentioned in the selected newspapers; what are the major topics/coverage that mention Lithuania; what is the role of Lithuania in those topics; what attitude is being formed towards Lithuania in those topics; what means are used in the image formation. Two major British newspapers The Times and The Guardian were taken for the analysis of the articles. For the research all articles between the period of the 1st January to the 31st December 2008 were used. The methods of content analysis were mostly applied though the comparison of different newspapers was also selected. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part is used to present the general views on the media, theoretical approach, main research on national image that is formed by the media. The second part reveals the means of how and the reasons why certain sources for the reaseach were selected: the selection of the media, newspapers, articles and periods; defining the variables and formation of the code (coding schemata); gathering of information; data analysis; concluding remarks. The conclusion that was arrived is as follows. Both newspapers presented Lithuania in slightly different ways. The Times had less articles about Lithuania and the country was presented in a quite narrow context (home news) as one of the East European countries, while The Guardian had more articles in which the country was pictured in a more broad context (international events) with more topics to cover (culture, economics) and being part of the western bloc. It was also concluded that Lithuania is mostly presented through the international politics and sport context, while the articles about the crime were quite minor and repetitive of same story. Finally, the tendence of uncertainty is felt. While politically, Lithuania is quite assertive, culturally, the country is still seeking for its identity, therefore, that is felt in most stories about cultural events and that might be one of the reasons why this uncertainty is felt in the press, i.e. the tendency of not having strong opinion or having a contradictory views is present.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the British press shapes the image of Lithuania. To achieve the result certain questions were raised: how often is Lithuania mentioned in the selected newspapers; what are the major topics/coverage that mention Lithuania; what is the role of Lithuania in those topics; what attitude is being formed towards Lithuania in those topics; what means are used in the image formation. Two major British newspapers The Times and The Guardian were taken for the analysis of the articles. For the research all articles between the period of the 1st January to the 31st December 2008 were used. The methods of content analysis were mostly applied though the comparison of different newspapers was also selected. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first part is used to present the general views on the media, theoretical approach, main research on national image that is formed by the media. The second part reveals the means of how and the reasons why certain sources for the reaseach were selected: the selection of the media, newspapers, articles and periods; defining the variables and formation of the code (coding schemata); gathering of information; data analysis; concluding remarks. The conclusion that was arrived is as follows. Both newspapers presented Lithuania in slightly different ways. The Times had less articles about Lithuania and the country was presented in a quite narrow context (home news) as one of the East European countries, while The Guardian had more articles in which the country was pictured in a more broad context (international events) with more topics to cover (culture, economics) and being part of the western bloc. It was also concluded that Lithuania is mostly presented through the international politics and sport context, while the articles about the crime were quite minor and repetitive of same story. Finally, the tendence of uncertainty is felt. While politically, Lithuania is quite assertive, culturally, the country is still seeking for its identity, therefore, that is felt in most stories about cultural events and that might be one of the reasons why this uncertainty is felt in the press, i.e. the tendency of not having strong opinion or having a contradictory views is present.

In the present study the most frequent conceptual metaphors of the EU in the British Press are analysed applying the method of content analysis.

In the present study the most frequent conceptual metaphors of the EU in the British Press are analysed applying the method of content analysis.

When British travelers visited Kurdish regions in the first half of the twentieth century they recorded their memories and opinions on Kurdish society, especially the position of women. This article analyses the text the British travelers produced to understand whether they were written from an orientalist perspective. The freedom of Kurdish women impressed the British travellers and officers, and in particular they differentiated between Kurdish women and other Muslim societies. They admired the high status of Kurdish women in society regardless of class, in both rural and urban communities. That freedom was reflected in their clothing, lack of face coverings and confident treatment of foreigners. Women participated in politics, became leaders of their communities, and educated themselves, leading British travelers to make comparisons between Kurdish and European women. This article challenges the idea that British travelers considered Kurdish women solely from an orientalist perspective. While orientalism determined many of their views on Kurdish society, British views of Kurdish women were informed by comparison with Europeans.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Avrupa'daki siyasi ve ekonomik yıkımı onarmak adına Avrupa bütünleşmesi fikri ortaya çıkmış, ancak Britanya bu fikre Kıta'nın diğer ulus devletlerine kıyasla daha mesafeli yaklaşmıştır. Her ne kadar 1960'larda entegrasyon fikrinin en somut çıktısı olan Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğuna başvurup, 1973'te üye devlet konumuna gelse de; Britanya, üye olduğu dönem boyunca ulusal çıkarlarına uymayan Topluluk politikalarının dışında kalmayı tercih etmiştir. Britanya'nın gerek kendini Kıta Avrupası'nın politik, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapısından ayrıştırarak, gerekse karşılaştırmalı bir üstünlük belirterek istisnacılığını üyelik öncesi ve sonrası dönemde devam ettirdiği söylenebilir. Avrupa entegrasyonunun ilkelerinden ve politika gerekliliklerinden kendini hariç tutma iddiası olarak tanımlanabilecek Britanya istisnacılığına dair Britanya Parlamentosu'nun iki ana akım partisi İşçi Partisi ve Muhafazakâr Parti tarafından üretilen siyaset ve söylem, bu çalışmanın temel araştırma konusudur. Britanya Parlamentosu içinde Avrupa entegrasyonuna karşı geliştirilen farklı tutumlar arasından istisnacılığı söylem analizi yöntemi ile inceleyen bu çalışmada, bahsi geçen iki partinin milletvekillerinin parlamento konuşmaları 1973-2017 dönem aralığında, parlamentonun resmi arşivi Hansard üzerinden elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın ilk amacı İşçi Partisi ve Muhafazakâr Parti milletvekillerinin istisnacılık siyasetinin söylemsel boyutunu nasıl kurguladıklarının incelenmesi, ikinci amacı ise bu iki partinin istisnacılık söylemi arasında ne gibi benzerlikler ve farklılıklar olduğunun tespit edilmesidir. Söylem analizi sonucunda iki partinin istisnacılık söyleminin yoğunlaştığı ana başlıklar egemenlik, ekonomik yapının biricikliği, dünya gücü olma iddiası ve ada devleti olma halinden kaynaklı coğrafi konum olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. ; The idea of European integration has emerged to restore political and economic destruction in Europe after the Second World War, yet Britain stood aloof from this idea compared to other nation states in the Continent. Although in 1960s, Britain applied for the membership of European Economic Community, which was the most tangible output of integration attempts and became a member state in 1973; throughout the membership period, Britain preferred to opt-out from the policies of Community which were not in line with national interests of the country. It can also be argued that Britain has maintained its exceptionalism both before and after membership, either by differentiating itself from the political, economic and social structure of Continental Europe or claiming a comparative superiority. The main subject of this study is the politics and discourse on British exceptionalism- which can be defined as the assertion of exemption from the values and policy necessities of European integration- produced by the two mainstream political parties of British Parliament, Labour and Conservative Parties. In this study, exceptionalism as one of the various lines of conduct inside British Parliament towards European integration has been examined by discourse analysis of the speeches of MPs from the two political parties in question covering the period from 1973 to 2017 through the data retrieved from Hansard, the official archive of British Parliament. In this context, this study aims, firstly, to analyse how the MPs of Labour and Conservative Parties construct the discourse dimension of exceptionalist politics and secondly, to determine what kind of similarities and differences between these two political parties' exceptionalist discourse. Sovereignty, the uniqueness of economic structure, claim for world power and geographic location as an island nation are the main topics emerged out of discourse analysis.

31 Ocak 2020'de Avrupa Birliği'nden resmi olarak ayrılma sürecini tamamlayan Britanya'nın tarihsel olarak Topluluk ile kurduğu ilişki "tuhaf/isteksiz ortak", "yarı-ayrık ilişki" gibi tanımlamalar çerçevesinde sürdürülmüştür. Bu ilişkide istisnacılık söylem ve siyasetini benimseyen bir ülke olarak Britanya, ada ülkesi olma halini ve adasallığını hem ulusal kimliğin oluşumuna dahil etmiş hem de Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu/Avrupa Birliği politikalarının dışında kalma ya da bunu talep etme meşruiyetini sağlamak için kullanmıştır. Meşruiyetini coğrafyanın doğal ve verili olması kabulünden alan Britanya adasallığının istisnacılık söylem ve siyasetine nasıl bir katkı yaptığı bu çalışmanın temel araştırma sorusudur. Sosyal bilimlerin coğrafi incelemelerindeki tarihsel boşluğu doldurmaya çalışan eleştirel jeopolitik perspektifin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, araştırma sorusunun cevaplanması için Britanya Parlamentosu'ndaki milletvekillerinin Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu/Avrupa Birliği üyelik dönemi boyunca yaptıkları konuşmalar "ada ülkesi olma hali" temelinde incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda incelenen söylem örneklerinin Britanya kimliğini Avrupa'nın karşıtı olarak yeniden üretme amacının yanı sıra, Ortak Balıkçılık Politikası ile sınır ve göç politikaları gibi alanlarda istisnacı bir yaklaşımla muafiyet meşruiyeti oluşturmaya katkı sağladığı söylenebilir.