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This article explores the relationship between violent conflicts and tax revenue in Sub-Saharan countries. In a first stage, I estimate the effects of conflicts for 42 countries using panel data analysis. I find that an outbreak of violent conflict leads to an average 1.5 percent loss of tax revenue per capita. The results show that due to the outbreak of violence, government cannot successfully raise revenue, and because the conflict also negatively affects key macroeconomic variables, the tax base shrink and the overall loss is higher. The results also point to an important role of some specificities of Sub-Saharan countries such as ethnic division and natural resource endowment. Drawing on these results, I conduct case study for Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Congo Republic, Guinea and Guinea Bissau in a second stage using synthetic control method. The results show that the 2002 conflict in Cote d'Ivoire and the 1998 conflict in Guinea-Bissau led to significant drop in tax revenue. The outbreak of conflict did not have significant effects on tax revenue for the remaining three countries.

This article explores the relationship between violent conflicts and tax revenue in Sub-Saharan countries. In a first stage, I estimate the effects of conflicts for 42 countries using panel data analysis. I find that an outbreak of violent conflict leads to an average 1.5 percent loss of tax revenue per capita. The results show that due to the outbreak of violence, government cannot successfully raise revenue, and because the conflict also negatively affects key macroeconomic variables, the tax base shrink and the overall loss is higher. The results also point to an important role of some specificities of Sub-Saharan countries such as ethnic division and natural resource endowment. Drawing on these results, I conduct case study for Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Congo Republic, Guinea and Guinea Bissau in a second stage using synthetic control method. The results show that the 2002 conflict in Cote d'Ivoire and the 1998 conflict in Guinea-Bissau led to significant drop in tax revenue. The outbreak of conflict did not have significant effects on tax revenue for the remaining three countries.

This article explores the relationship between violent conflicts and tax revenue in Sub-Saharan countries. In a first stage, I estimate the effects of conflicts for 42 countries using panel data analysis. I find that an outbreak of violent conflict leads to an average 1.5 percent loss of tax revenue per capita. The results show that due to the outbreak of violence, government cannot successfully raise revenue, and because the conflict also negatively affects key macroeconomic variables, the tax base shrink and the overall loss is higher. The results also point to an important role of some specificities of Sub-Saharan countries such as ethnic division and natural resource endowment. Drawing on these results, I conduct case study for Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Congo Republic, Guinea and Guinea Bissau in a second stage using synthetic control method. The results show that the 2002 conflict in Cote d'Ivoire and the 1998 conflict in Guinea-Bissau led to significant drop in tax revenue. The outbreak of conflict did not have significant effects on tax revenue for the remaining three countries.

Since its first intervention in Liberia in December 1989, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has, in conjunction with the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN), managed to resolve intrastate violence in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote d'Ivoire through its political and military interventions. One aspect of the work undertaken by the ECOWAS that has received little scholarly attention are the economic dimensions of the peace accords it has negotiated. To date, no scholarly work that we know of has focused on this aspect of ECOWAS peace initiatives. The same is true of other peace initiatives, such as those in Cote d'Ivoire, led by other actors. This paper seeks to bridge these scholarly lacunae by evaluating the economic dimensions of peace agreements in these three countries, and by examining how these agreements address the distribution and management of economic resources. We argue that because these conflicts were partially underpinned by the mismanagement of economic resources, the search for peace should necessarily include addressing economic issues at the negotiating table. Adapted from the source document.

From Afghanistan and Iraq to Haiti, Cote d'Ivoire, and Egypt, ill-timed, fraudulent, or poorly managed elections have led to discord, violence, and even regime change. While much of the international community views elections as a critical milestone in the stabilization of war-torn societies, Elections in Dangerous Places shows how flawed elections can act as democracy in reverse and diminish political legitimacy and stable governance.

Between 1965 and 1984 Ghana's cocoa export production declined dramatically, and Ghana's lead in cocoa production was taken over by Cote d'Ivoire and Brazil. This paper illustrates the strong connections between a developing country's domestic economic policies and the well-being of its export sector by focusing on a historical analysis of Ghana's domestic economic policies and its principal export industry, cocoa

La diversification du français issue du plurilinguisme donne lieu, en Côte d'Ivoire, à l'émergence de différentes variétés de plus en plus dynamiques dans tous les domaines de la communication quotidienne. Ainsi, importe-t-il d'observer à travers ce continuum qu'est aujourd'hui le français ivoirien, la juxtaposition de certaines de ses composantes structurelles sur celles du français et aussi les particularités qui en émanent.

Claude-Hélène Perrot s'en est allée le 16 juillet 2019, dans sa quatre-vingt-onzième année. Sa carrière d'historienne, longue de sept décennies, fut rythmée par la production de nombreuses recherches fondamentales consacrées aux régions de la Côte d'Ivoire orientale dont l'exceptionnelle qualité lui valut de prestigieuses distinctions académiques. Nous lui rendons ici, par ce témoignage personnel, un dernier hommage.

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...

Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore ...