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Politics, coming back to its original meaning which might be defined as influencing other people and which is involves the making of a common decision for people, then, life is never politics-free. When we are thinking, we are contributing in the political life, how to influence or how to be influenced, how to make a decision in life or how to follow a decision. Politics contain of many dimensions, one might think politics in a negative or positive way depending on which dimensions he stick the politics with. Political party is one of the main institutions in the political life which used in practicing the democracy as the representative system needed by the community. It used as a media to transfer the political messages from the community to the government, as peoples' media to send their aspiration to the people 'above', which existence is influencing the development of the policies of the country depending on its effectiveness. As a Muslim-Largest country, Islam has a very important role in Indonesia's political zone. Though, not everything that has an "Islam" name is able to completely represent Islamic values and so some "non-Islam" might also represent Islamic ethical values. The point of this article is to focus more on how is the relationship between politics and Islam in Indonesia by observing the development of Islamic Political Parties and its phenomena. It will be well observed by the historic-phenomenology approach, which is describing and observing the history of Islamic Political Parties in Indonesia and the social facts that happened in the society

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of local government expenditure on education sector in districts and cities level of East Java, during the periods 2007-2014. Furthermore, this study will evaluate the impacts of local government expenditure, household expenditure for education, and regional product domestic bruto or (PDRB) on the educational outcomes, namely education index. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is selected as the methodology for analyzing the efficiency of local government expenditure on educational outcome. The model assumes constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS). Measurement of the effectiveness of government spending is done by using panel data regression. Data for supporting the analyses is panel data from 38 districts and cities in East Java for the periods of 2007 – 2014. The results show that government expenditure in educational sector is relatively inefficient. Government Expenditure for Education (PPP) has no significant impact on educational index, while Household expenditure for education (PPRT) and GRDP per Capita positive has significant impact on the Education Index (IP). This imply that government expenditure for educational sector is not effective improving educational index.

Muhammadiyah is one of the Islamic organizations in Indonesia. The existence of Elections in Indonesia's national history were carried out several times, namely during the Old Order era, namely 1955, the New Order period 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997. Elections for a democratic country like Indonesia are very important because elections are a channel for people's aspirations. Elections that have been held in Indonesia have their own characteristics with differing democratic levels, so the truth of the argument needs to be proven in order to obtain an accurate answer. The results obtained from this study that the implementation of general elections in the Old Order period can already be categorized as democratic elections, with the many parties participating in the general election signifying the existence of freedom in political life, whereas during the New Order the democratic period faded along with the power of the Suharto regime which always curbed the political life of the Indonesian nation, the implementation of the general election during the Reformation especially the 2004 general election was more democratic because the implementation of the election could represent the aspirations of the people especially with the electoral system which was different from the previous election because with a combination of district and proportional systems then the people can know and know what people's representatives will like to channel their aspirations.

Masalah gizi utama menjadi semakin serius akibat terjadi krisis ekonomi dan politik yang diperparah dengan adanya berbagai bencana (kekeringan, dll) di berbagai daerah di Indonesia, termasuk Kediri. Bencana kekeringan yang terjadi di Jawa Timur, termasuk di Kab. Kediri, telah berdampak pada penurunan produksi dan mempengaruhi ketersediaan pangan ditingkat rumahtangga, terutama pada keluarga miskin (gakin). Disisi lain hasil PSG Jatim (2000) menunjukkan Kabupaten Kediri memiliki prevalensi KEP (bayi dan balita) tertinggi di Jawa Timur (KEP nyata 10,20% dan KEP total 37,09%). Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsumsi, status kelaparan dan status gizi kelompok rawan (balita dan ibu) pada keluarga miskin di daerah rawan pangan Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan disain studi cross sectional . Populasi penelitian adalah keluarga miskin (berdasarkan kriteria kemiskinan yang berlaku setempat) di daerah rawan pangan gizi kecamatan terpilih Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur. Sampel penelitian adalah keluarga miskin yang mempunyai balita di daerah rawan pangan-gizi di wilayah terpilih di Kabupaten Kediri yaitu Kecamatan Semen dan Gampengrejo. Responden adalah ibu dan ayah balita. Besar sampel penelitian ditetapkan secara Quota Sampling, yaitu sebesar 50 keluarga miskin (gakin). Secara purposif dengan memperhatikan aspek proporsional, maka ditetapkan secara langsung besar sampel di wilayah kecamatan Semen (barat sungai) yaitu 30 keluarga dan di kecamatan Gampengrejo (timur sungai) yaitu 20 keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keluarga di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar (>50,0%) terdiri dari 5-6 orang (tergolong keluarga sedang), orang tua (ayah dan ibu) balita (>70,0%) berpendidikan masih rendah (tamat SD) dengan usia ibu antara 20 � 30 tahun dan ayah 30 - 40 tahun, bermata pencaharian utama sebagai buruh bangunan dan buruh tani dengan pendapatan rendah (masih dibawah garis kemiskinan). Ketersediaan bahan makanan keluarga miskin pada saat paceklik untuk jenis pangan pokok beras atau campuran ( beras- singkong, beras jagung) sebagian besar (>50%) menyatakan relative cukup makan untuk sehari-hari, namun jenis pangan lain (lauk, sayur, buah) dirasakan sebagian besar keluarga (>70%) adalah kurang, bahkan sebagian lain dalam keadaan sangat kurang. Kebiasaan makan keluarga miskin saat tidak paceklik sebagian besar 3 kali sehari dengan variasi antara 2 -3 kali per hari, namun pada saat paceklik bervariasi 1 - 3 kali per hari, bahkan ada sebagian kecil keluarga (6,7%) hanya makan 1 kali/hari. Paceklik menyebabkan perubahan kebiasaan makan (jumlah dan jenis) pada sebagian (> 25 %) keluarga miskin, terutama di Semen. Perubahan jenis yang dikonsumsi berlangsung secara bertahap, terutama jenis makanan pokok yaitu awalnya beras dicampur dengan jagung atau lainnya, kemudian makin lama porsi campuran makin besar. Makanan pokok dan sayuran dikonsumsi rutin tiap hari, namun pangan hewani dan buah masih sangat jarang dikonsumsi pada saat paceklik maupun tidak paceklik. Hidangan menu keluarga miskin di kecamatan Semen sebagian besar (50,0%) cukup sederhana (makanan pokok dan sayur), sedangkan di sebagian besar (42,0%) terdiri dari makanan pokok dan sayuran dan sebagian lainnya (42,0%) terdapat tambahan lauk berupa lauk nabati, (tahu dan tempe). Sumber protein sebagian besar bertumpu pada protein nabati yang berbasis kacang-kacangan dan pangan hewani relatif jarang menjadi bagian menu keluarga di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar (50,0%) masih tergolong defisit berat atau berisiko kelaparan. Keluarga miskin di Semen lebih banyak mengalami defisit berat ( 60%) normal (baik), namun saat paceklik terjadi peningkatan kejadian balita KEP, meskipun masih dalam taraf ringan (KEP ringan). Kejadian KEP balita di Semen banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia 12 - 35 bulan, sedangkan di Gampengrejo pada kelompok usia 24 - 47 bulan. Status gizi ibu bervariasi dari kurus tidak sehat hingga obesitas, namun sebagian besar (>70%) tergolong normal. Ibu balita kurang berisiko mengalami masalah intake yang mengarah kelaparan dibandingkan balita. Kejadian KEP (ringan dan sedang) pada balita di kedua kecamatan terjadi pada keluarga dengan rerata tingkat konsumsi kurang dari 70% AKG maupun 81-120 % AKG. Namun demikian KEP lebih banyak terjadi pada keluarga yang memiliki rerata tingkat konsumsi kurang 70 % AKG Energi. Keadaan konsumsi keluarga dalam taraf kelaparan maupun tidak kelaparan, status gizi balita dan ibu balita di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar masih tergolong baik (normal), meskipun sebagian di Kec. Semen (36,7%) dan Kec. Gampengrejo (45,0%) balita mengalami KEP dengan berbagai tingkat (ringan dan sedang) dan ibu tergolong kurus (15,4 % di Kec. Semen dan 20,0% di Kec. Gampengrejo). Ibu balita (isteri) perlu diberdayakan dengan pembekalan ketrampilan pengolahan aneka ragam makanan agar dapat menyediakan menu keluarga beragam dan seimbang. Selain itu masalah gizi pada keluarga miskin di daerah rawan pangan tidak mungkin hanya diselesaikan dari sisi kesehatan saja, apabila aneka kemiskinan tidak dikurangi dan keadilan semakin merata. Masalah gizi harus diupayakan menjadi isu politis guna memperkuat komitmen.

This article examines the history of the arrival of Islam into Indonesia. This research is library research using documentation method. The results of this study are: First, no one knows for sure when Islam began to appear in Indonesia. Several theorists and historians have different opinions and analyzes. However, there are at least four major theories regarding the entry of Islam into Indonesia, namely: Arabic theory, Gujarat theory (India), Bengali theory (Fatimi), and Persian theory. Second, the spread and process of Islamization in Indonesia itself was carried out peacefully. Indonesian people can accept the existence of Islam well. There are six channels of Islamization in Indonesia, namely: trade, marriage, Sufism, education, arts and culture, and politics. Third, the existence of Islamic kingdoms also had a big role in the spread and development of Islam in Indonesia. These Islamic kingdoms stretched from Sumatra to the Moluccas. Some of them are the Perlak Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, Demak Sultanate, Pajang Sultanate, Mataram Sultanate, Cirebon Sultanate, Banten Sultanate, Sultanate of Ternate, Sultanate of Tidore, Sultanate of Gowa, Sultanate of Tallo, Sultanate of Pasir, Sultanate of Banjar, Kotawaringin Sultanate, Pagatan Sultanate, Sambas Sultanate, Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate, Berau Sultanate, Sambaliung Sultanate, Gunung Tabur Sultanate, Pontianak Sultanate, Tidung Sultanate, and Bulungan Sultanate. ; Artikel ini mengkaji tentang sejarah masuknya Islam ke Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, tidak ada yang tahu pasti kapan Islam mulai muncul di Indonesia. Beberapa ahli teori dan sejarawan memiliki pendapat dan analisis yang berbeda. Namun, setidaknya ada empat teori besar mengenai masuknya Islam ke Indonesia, yaitu: teori Arab, teori Gujarat (India), teori Bengali (Fatimi), dan teori Persia. Kedua, penyebaran dan proses Islamisasi di Indonesia sendiri ...

This paper investigates the inflation convergence of 82 Indonesian cities and discusses the remarkable regional inflation programmes in Indonesia. By employing a dynamic panel regression, the paper shows that Indonesia experienced an inflation convergence from 2013 to 2018. An intriguing finding is that the cities in Java-Bali, the largest density area, experienced a slower speed of convergence than that in cities outside the Java-Bali. This paper alleges that the development of logistic transportation and the formulation of an inflation control programme, such as the Tim Pengendalian Inflasi Daerah (TPID) or Regional Inflation Controlling Team (RICT) that has just been stationed and has commenced their duties in East Indonesia, might play an essential role in the convergence. Moreover, the coordination between the central and regional governments, represented by TPID/RICT, in implementing the effective policy (i.e. prioritising development outside Java-Bali and fostering inter-region cooperation in the commodity supply chain) is effective in stabilising and reducing the inflation rate.