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Citizenship is not a static concept. It is not inherently national & exclusively nation-centered understandings of citizenship are too narrow for the current era of globalization. However, the claim that citizenship has been denationalized or postnationalized still needs to be proven. Four meanings of citizenship are reviewed in the context of denationalized citizenship -- legal status, enjoyment of rights, active engagement in the life of a polity, & public identity. Postnational citizenship fits least with citizenship as legal status, but better with the other meanings, especially with citizenship as collective identity & solidarity. With the decentralization of the nation-state as the locus of collective institutional & associative life, denationalized citizenship is a desired good. A commitment to pluralization & even beyond, to postcitizenship, is discussed. 61 References. M. Pflum

Contends that the Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) impelled two basic transformations of the US welfare system. First, it changed the foundations of the system from entitlement to conditional benefits. Second, it officially encoded the perspective that full-time employment, along with work-conditioned benefits, would make citizens able to raise themselves & their families out of poverty. These changes in welfare occurred in a context in which most features of US citizenship are indeed conditional. Welfare reform, far from establishing either an aberration or a novel notion of citizenship, is in fact reshaping welfare policy to be more consistent with a prior, though greatly unspoken, grasp of what is here termed conditional citizenship. References. K. Coddon

Within federal structures, citizens in a nested manner can affiliate with both states/provinces (subnational entities) & the national entity, conflict rules designate which citizenship type serves which purpose, & subnational & national governments provide alternative forums for competing claims about citizenship. These structures provide a framework within which to construct multinational citizenship. Conflicts between the concepts of citizenship as identity & as equality, & voting & loyalty issues in multinational citizenship are analyzed, citing experiences with citizenship rules in Western democracies. The benefits of multiple citizenship are weighted against the drawbacks, especially their ability to create intrapolity inequalities & destabilize ethnonationalisms. 93 References. M. Pflum

Consideration of citizenship education in the UK requires an exploration of three areas: curriculum context, mode of teaching, & teaching context. The 1998 Crick Report Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools will make citizenship a compulsory part of the curriculum at Key Stages 3 & 4. Critics assert that a body of research & knowledge on citizenship education is lacking, making it no more than the controversial opinions of individual teachers. However, some refinement of the recommendations could tie citizenship into the humanities, currently neglected, but meant to teach students of their humanness & create institutions, which respect that humanity. The author argues for attention to the skills, the procedural values, the virtues & dispositions to instill in young people; a respect for the right of teachers to participate & deliberate about the values that are taught; & a context where opinions are allowed & encouraged in a developmental process of criticism & evidence. L. A. Hoffman

The UK Arts Council subsidization & encouragement of the arts must fit within the fine line of "facilitating, rather than controlling, enabling rather than patronizing." The arts are a powerful force in civil society & of economic importance because of their place in the global economy driven by new information technologies. The community arts movement has recognized that enjoyment of the arts, once confined to the educated & wealthy, must reach the general population. Maintaining competitiveness means stimulating creativity within all UK citizens, but subsidization of amateur & community-based culture increases the danger of encroaching on its voluntary character. A "lighter regulatory touch" may involve technology & education. Participation in the growing power of the technologies can encourage interactive relationships & creative engagement in the arts. Giving greater space in the educational curriculum for creativity is necessary for economic competitiveness & the formation of participative citizenship. L. A. Hoffman

"The goal of this chapter is to Sketch the contours of the relationship between citizenship and welfare. In order to do so, the author will use the concept of 'welfare citizenship', which has had a limited use in the scholarly debate so far. In the following section he will first discuss the nexus of welfare and citizenship. Next, he will explore the conceptual dimensions of citizenship, by disaggregating it into three components of rights, obligations and compliance. Following this, the author will use this disaggregation of citizenship as a point of departure for the models of citizenship. He will use each of these components of citizenship to construct generic models of citizenship, to which he will ascribe types of welfare citizenship. These three models of citizenship include the republican, the liberal and the caesarean citizenship." (author's abstract)

Welfare reform has transformed the significance of citizenship & democracy in the US. With its work-condition on welfare benefits, the reform demonstrated that citizenship involves responsibilities as well as rights. Work enforcement, & not solely in the context of welfare reform, functions to integrate the economically disadvantaged & to refashion politics. Work conditionality tends to limit state aid to the poor but it may also produce political consequences beneficial to the left. References. K. Coddon

The basis for & goals of nationality law in Germany across the course of the 20th century are examined & compared to that in France & the UK, focusing on implications for transnational migration & immigrant citizenship. Postnationalist tendencies are described, along with their implications for a reevaluation of the definitions, demands, rights, & responsibilities of citizenship. The continuing debate over citizenship & immigrant integration is reviewed & policy implications are discussed. K Hyatt Stewart

Globalization & subnational disintegration are both indicative of the changing role for the nation-state in societal organization. Globalization undermines the nation-state's ability to make & enforce laws & policy, & complicates its culture. Global institutions now expand their authority at the expense of the nation-state, eg, the North American Free Trade Agreement. Global cities such as Hong Kong & New York display the exaggerated effects of globalization & are often in conflict with the nation-state & its citizens due to the coverage/non-coverage of citizenship law. Within this situation, regional & ethnic autonomy movements can draw power from global cultural & economic ties. Proposals for city-states to influence global activity are advanced, including allowing localities to lobby international organizations, foreign nationals to obtain local citizenship, & nondomiciliary voting in the localities. 26 References. M. Pflum

Two social changes have affected both politics & the "new" media -- the emergence of citizenship as an agenda, & the development of communications technology that has altered the relationship between citizens & the power elite. The new mass communication has also affected the manner in which the public views citizenship, the way citizenship is taught, & democracy itself. Studies have proven that the civic value of the new media is inconclusive. It is also obvious that usage of the Internet format for political discussion has not yet improved citizen participation or representation. Finally, it must be noted that in order for political participation to be democratic it must be equal. Until all members of society have equal access to technology, this technology will not facilitate democracy. 39 References. K. A. Larsen

The basis for & goals of nationality law in Germany across the course of the 20th century are examined & compared to that in France & the UK, focusing on implications for transnational migration & immigrant citizenship. Postnationalist tendencies are described, along with their implications for a reevaluation of the definitions, demands, rights, & responsibilities of citizenship. The continuing debate over citizenship & immigrant integration is reviewed & policy implications are discussed. K Hyatt Stewart

Argues that gender should be incorporated into traditionally class-based analyses of urban politics, which are criticized for their epistemological & analytic limitations. The usefulness of the concept of gender is demonstrated in an analysis of the notion of citizenship, understood in relation to the political & economic structures in which it is engendered. It is contended that restructurings of local urban economies have specific gendered effects, which in turn expand or limit the capacity for full citizenship of men & women. Thus, a full understanding of the actual practice of citizenship requires attention to divisions in society based on gender. 42 References. D. M. Smith