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Objective The aim of the present study was to examine non-communicable disease (NCD) policy formation and implementation in Indonesia. Methods Interviews were conducted with 13 Indonesian health policy workers. The processes and issues relating to NCD policy formation were mapped, exploring the interactions between policy makers, technical/implementation bodies, alliances across various levels and the mobilisation of non-policy actors. Results Problems in NCD policy formation include insufficient political interest in NCD control, disconnected policies and difficulty in multisectoral coordination. These problems are well illustrated in relation to tobacco control, but also apply to other control efforts. Nevertheless, participants were optimistic that there are plentiful opportunities for improving NCD control policies given growing global attention to NCD, increases in the national health budget and the growing body of Indonesia-relevant NCD-related research. Conclusion Indonesia's success in the creation and implementation of NCD policy will be dependent on high-level governmental leadership, including support from the President, the Health Minister and coordinating ministries. What is known about the topic? The burden of NCD in Indonesia has increased gradually. Nationally, NCD-related mortality accounted for 65% of deaths in 2010. Indonesia is also a country with the highest burden of tobacco smoking in the world. However, the government has not instituted sufficient policy action to tackle NCDs, including tobacco control. What does this paper add? This paper deepens our understanding of current NCD control policy formation in Indonesia, including the possible underlying reason why Indonesia has weak tobacco control policies. It describes the gaps in the current policies, the actors involved in policy formation, the challenges in policy formation and implementation and potential opportunities for improving NCD control. What are the implications for practitioners? An effective NCD control program requires strong collaboration, including between government and health professionals. Health professionals can actively engage in policy formation, for example through knowledge production.

We reviewed Greek law (legislation, historic Royal Decrees, and modern Presidential ones, 1833–2010) pertinent to control of communicable diseases and compared this body of Greek law with the revised International Health Regulations. Greece authorizes and regulates communicable disease control commensurate with public health risks, and integrates the principles of equality, objectivity, and respect for human rights. Despite strength at the level of principles, Greek law lacks coherence, clarity, and systematization. An inadequate body of regulations means legislation falls short of adequate implementing authority and guidelines; public health authorities often cannot find or understand the laws, nor are they certain about allocation of jurisdictional authority. We identified areas for improvement.

Background: Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country has undergone dramatic and rapid demographical and economic transition leading to increase mortality and morbidity of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Furthermore, the prevalence of risk factors of NCDs is at alarming range for the population. In response to this challenge, a number of different high level policies have been developed dealing with NCDs, directly or indirectly. However, the fragmentation of policies makes monitoring of NCDs control difficult. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive framework for monitoring and evaluating of NCDs control and prevention. Methods: A qualitative approach with content analysis method was conducted. Components of NCDs monitoring and evaluation framework were extracted and adaptation of components based on requirements of Iran's health system was made. Results: Based on the proposed framework, the three main components of NCDs surveillance are as follows; 1) monitoring outcomes (morbidity and mortality); 2) monitoring risk factors; and 3) assessing health care system response, which includes national capacity to prevent NCDs. Conclusion: The developed framework is a political tool to strengthen activities to control and prevention of NCD and making more effective inter-sectorial collaboration.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the stakeholders' perceptions of current practices and challenges in priority setting for non-communicable disease (NCD) control in Kenya. DESIGN: A qualitative study approach conducted within a 1-day stakeholder workshop that followed a deliberative dialogue process. SETTING: Study was conducted within a 1-day stakeholder workshop that was held in October 2019 in Nairobi, Kenya. PARTICIPANTS: Stakeholders who currently participate in the national level policymaking process for health in Kenya. OUTCOME MEASURE: Priority setting process for NCD control in Kenya. RESULTS: Donor funding was identified as a key factor that informed the priority setting process for NCD control. Misalignment between donors' priorities and the country's priorities for NCD control was seen as a hindrance to the process. It was identified that there was minimal utilisation of context-specific evidence from locally conducted research. Additional factors seen to inform the priority setting process included political leadership, government policies and budget allocation for NCDs, stakeholder engagement, media, people's cultural and religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for development aid partners to align their priorities to the specific NCD control priority areas that exist in the countries that they extend aid to. Additionally, context-specific scientific evidence on effective local interventions for NCD control is required to inform areas of priority in Kenya and other low-income and middle-income countries. Further research is needed to develop best practice guidelines and tools for the creation of national-level priority setting frameworks that are responsive to the identified factors that inform the priority setting process for NCD control.

Background: Community engagement and participation has played a critical role in successful disease control and elimination campaigns in many countries. Despite this, its benefits for malaria control and elimination are yet to be fully realized. This may be due to a limited understanding of the influences on participation in developing countries as well as inadequate investment in infrastructure and resources to support sustainable community participation. This paper reports the findings of an atypical systematic review of 60 years of literature in order to arrive at a more comprehensive awareness of the constructs of participation for communicable disease control and elimination and provide guidance for the current malaria elimination campaign. Methods: Evidence derived from quantitative research was considered both independently and collectively with qualitative research papers and case reports. All papers included in the review were systematically coded using a pre-determined qualitative coding matrix that identified influences on community participation at the individual, household, community and government/civil society levels. Colour coding was also carried out to reflect the key primary health care period in which community participation programmes originated. These processes allowed exhaustive content analysis and synthesis of data in an attempt to realize conceptual development beyond that able to be achieved by individual empirical studies or case reports. Results: Of the 60 papers meeting the selection criteria, only four studies attempted to determine the effect of community participation on disease transmission. Due to inherent differences in their design, interventions and outcome measures, results could not be compared. However, these studies showed statistically significant reductions in disease incidence or prevalence using various forms of community participation. The use of locally selected volunteers provided with adequate training, supervision and resources are common and important elements ...

"Prepared and published under the direction of Lieutentant General Leonard D. Heaton, the Surgeon General, United States Army." ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In 1994, CDC launched the first phase of a nationwide effort to revitalize national capacity to protect the public from infectious diseases. The effort focused on four goals: improving disease surveillance and outbreak response; supporting research to understand and combat emerging infectious threats; preventing infectious diseases by implementing disease control programs and communicating public health information; and rebuilding the infectious disease-control component of the public health infrastructure. As a nation, we have made progress in all four areas. The first line of defense for public health— our network of state and local health departments— has been strengthened, and as a nation we have become better prepared to address new diseases as they arise. We have developed new tools for detecting and controlling infectious diseases. New programmatic efforts have incorporated the latest theories and techniques to help people change behaviors that favor the spread of infectious diseases. These achievements were made possible by the hard work and dedication of colleagues in local, state, and federal government; in universities; in private industry; and in many nongovernmental organizations and professional societies. CDC has also begun to address emerging disease issues at the global level, working in partnership with foreign governments, the World Health Organization, and other organizations and agencies. At the same time, however, we have witnessed the appearance of new and unforeseen disease threats, such as a virulent strain of avian influenza that attacks humans, a human variant of "mad cow disease,â€? and new drug-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus. The emergence of these threats reminds us that we must not become complacent. We must never underestimate the power, destructiveness, and endless adaptability of infectious microbes. As we face the new millennium, we must renew our commitment to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, recognizing that the battle between humans and microbes will continue long past our lifetimes and those of our children. This document, Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century, describes CDC's plan to combat infectious diseases over the next 5 years. ; Preface -- Executive Summary -- -- Introduction -- Background -- The "Endâ€? of infectious diseases -- A New consensus: the Institute of Medicine report -- CDC's response -- -- The Second Phase of CDC's Strategy -- CDC's role -- CDC components involved with infectious diseases -- Partnerships -- Goals for preventing emerging infectious diseases: -- Target areas -- -- Summary of the Goals and Objectives -- -- CDC's Plan: Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century -- Goal I: Surveillance and response -- Goal II: Applied research -- Goal III: Infrastructure and training -- Goal IV: Prevention and control -- -- Anticipated Outcomes -- -- Appendix: Implementation of high priorities from Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United States 1994–1997 -- -- Acknowledgments -- References -- List of Boxes -- Acronyms -- Index ; October 1998. ; Includes index. ; References: p. 60-63.