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The prevailing political and economic conditions both in Greece and around the world determine the general development of all forms of tourism. The development of specific forms of tourism, such as that of religious tourism, gains tremendous interest in the present economic circumstances, as it is a factor in strengthening the national economy and at the same time a legacy for the future with enormous social, cultural and environmental significance. The development of a strategic approach to religious tourism can build on the comparative advantage of our country in this field by creating new tourist sites to attract tourists with intellectual pursuits and special interests. The Prefecture of Evia has a rich range of natural and cultural resources, with particular characteristics of beauty, uniqueness, and authenticity, elements that are required for the design and development of specific forms of tourism. In the case study on religious tourism in Saint John Russian in the Prefecture of Evia, an attempt is being made to explore the contribution of religious tourism to local development and the preconditions for the promotion of the pilgrimage of Saint John Russian to a major destination of religious and cultural interest of international scope. Additionally, an effort is made to highlight the importance of religious tourism as a special form of tourism that contributes to the development of areas hosting religious monuments. Identifying the opportunities and opportunities that exist, exploring its growth prospects and identifying emerging markets, dictates the formulation of policy proposals where combined with the existing specific forms of tourism it will show it as an essential factor in the systematic organization, exploitation and promotion of the Area.

Airline industry restructuring proceeded in high gear following the 9/11 attacks, which triggered a global air transport crisis in the beginning of the new millennium. European (network) legacy carriers have been reorganizing to meet low-cost challengers in European and new competition in global markets. The focus on employment relations and cost-oriented human resource management (HRM) has already been discussed back in the 1990s, pitching industry-level convergence arguments against diversity accounts on the one hand, and featuring different understandings and methodologies of comparative industrial relations (IR) on the other hand. A final comment to a controversy in the European Journal of Industrial Relations of 15 years ago pointed to the neglected dimension of increasing tensions and labor conflicts in the earlier debate, and thereby addressed an important commonality in the European industry's development during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This article revisits the debate to eventually treat the argument of convergence on strike as a set of hypotheses to be tested for the time after 1995. Apart from overall confirming the pattern of a high propensity to labor conflict in the airline industry I concur with Gall (1996) that the causes for relatively high levels of conflict can change over time. A better understanding of the reasons for the latest convergence on strike (2000s) is therefore considered the next frontier with evidence suggesting an overall growing segment of low-cost employment relations to explain the most recent waves of labor conflict and the cross national variation of employment relations in the industry. (author's abstract)

This book, now in its second edition, centres on the question of how the working population's opportunities for participation develop under the conditions of flexible work, project work or remote work. Its authors adopt a comparative perspective in their approach to addressing this question, which through stark contrasts offers extremely interesting insights. Using empirical research, they examine both companies that provide information technology services and those that offer mobile care services. Mobility, flexible working times and the subjectification of work play an important role in both fields, but the workers' conditions and the way they shape and handle the aforementioned features of this kind of work vary greatly. While this study finds that the information technology sector can, generally speaking, be seen as the paradigm of a genuinely dynamic and 'modern' working environment, it reveals that the ostensibly much more traditional field of care work also deviates from the conventional Fordist idea of employment relationships in some respects; the only difference is that in the latter field this is not the result of recent radical changes but has been common practice for some time now.

"The dynamics of the ethnical structurization of labour markets is an important research issue in the US since the early 1970s. The concepts developed in these debates especially that of enclave economies cannot be easily transferred into the European or German context. The reasons are major differences in the national production regimes as well as in migration systems and history. This paper sketches a framework for research that views economic activities of ethnic groups as integral parts of the overall economy and its dynamics. The latter is actually characterized by profound trends of restructuring. It is one of our central arguments that these developments show contradictory elements concerning social, cultural and spatial aspects. These highly contingent constellations open specific structures of economic opportunities for migrants/ ethnic minorities; however, they are also associated with risks. On the basis of this conceptual framework, a detailed internationally comparative study is envisaged with the aim to analyse actual processes in the food industry of capital cities in Europe. First empirical indicators are given for one of the cities of the sample: Berlin." (author's abstract)

Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.

There is now growing consensus about the importance of building and strengthening national monitoring platforms in order to facilitate the evaluation of large-scale health programmes and initiatives in low- and middle-income countries [see the paper published in 2010 in The Lancet by Victora et al.]. This is also crucial for improving accountability, which is defined by the United Nations' Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health as a cyclical process of monitoring, review, and (remedial) action. The International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+), World Health Organization and other partners have recently developed guidelines to support country-led platforms for monitoring, evaluation and review of national health strategies. The national Compacts promoted in the framework of IHP+ offer an excellent opportunity to foster the development of such country-led platforms for information and accountability. Indeed, a Compact formalises the commitments of the recipient government and health sector partners to increase financing efforts in the health sector, to respect aid effectiveness principles and to support the national health policy and strategies in a common planning, coordination, and monitoring & evaluation framework. IHP+ is also closely connected to initiatives such as the Health Metrics Network that aims to improve the quality of health information in developing countries. We propose to analyse how the Ministries of Health in four Francophone Western African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal) have seized the opportunity of IHP+ to strengthen their monitoring and accountability platforms, and assess what further actions could be taken in the future. We present a comparative analysis grid filled on the basis of the experience of the co-authors in supporting the process in the four countries. This composes the first step of an on-going research and experience sharing project supported by GRAP-PA Santé. ; Peer reviewed

Purpose – This article addresses the governance of "Fair Trade Social Enterprises" (FTSEs), i.e., the organisations exclusively dedicated to the import, distribution and/or labelling of fairly traded products. The aims are (1) to describe and categorise the types of persons and stakeholder groups represented in FTSEs' governance structures and (2) to look at the link between stakeholder involvement and other organisational features such as resources, goals and activities. Design/methodology/approach – These questions are investigated through a qualitative field study based on face-to-face interviews with the managers of 15 Belgian FTSEs. Findings – I distinguish three governance models each entailing different governance paradigms: the managerial model, the volunteer-based model and the multi-stakeholder model. In the three governance models, it is possible to link, to a certain extent, the composition of the governance structures, the access to resources and the goal priorities regarding the different dimensions of the FT activity. In brief, governance appears as an organisational entry revealing much information about the vision and the strategy of the FTSEs. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to Belgian FTSEs and must be considered as one of the first attempts in characterising the specific features and challenges of organisational governance in the FT context. International comparative studies exploring FTSE's governance in a more longitudinal perspective, combining the standpoints of diverse organisational actors, would be most welcome in the future. Originality/value – As this article shows, the multidimensional nature of FT and the coexistence of different types of FTSEs in the same country make this a very interesting field to investigate the challenges of governance in social enterprises. Social enterprises and those researching them should pay more attention to the importance of adopting and conceiving governance schemes that are adapted to their multiple missions and enable the access to multiple resources. ; Peer reviewed

In the context of global warming, academic institutes, international institutions such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and governments of numerous countries have proposed global objectives of reducing CO 2 emissions and announced national targets. The purposes of this article are: i) to assess the governmental targets in comparing with the global objectives of various allocation methods, which correspond to different carbon equity principles; ii) to propose technology roadmaps in terms of carbon equity in the energy sectors, under the consideration of the international convergence of technologies in the energy transition period up to 2050. In order to evaluate the technology roadmaps, a Sectoral Emission Model is proposed that covers the sectors responsible for the greatest part of CO 2 emissions (power, transport, residence and industry sector) in studying the impacts of the principle energy technologies (energy mix, electric vehicles and energy efficiency). In the article, the technology roadmaps for the governmental targets on CO 2 emissions are studied for three typical countries: China, France, and the United States. Our results show that under the sectoral carbon equity consideration, coal combustion is projected to be reduced by two thirds in China, and it will have to be almost eliminated in the United States to achieve their CO 2 reduction target. But gas is encouraged to be used in the power sector, especially in the United States. Regarding the transport sector, more than 60% of vehicles should be replaced to electric vehicles in China, and this share will be about up to 90% in France and the United States.

This PhD thesis including five manuscripts and a brief international comparison analysis proposes a multi-field study on the economic and environmental effects of energy consumption. It first investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Turkey and then offers a new methodology for the estimation of unrecorded economy based on environmental data. The thesis develops also asymmetric information models, where the regulator does not know the true emission level of each firm that it wishes to regulate, so as to examine to what extend different enforcement mechanisms affect incentives for the firms to reduce polluting emissions and to invest in clean energy technologies. In order to provide a complete insight on the effects of both fiscal and environmental enforcement policies, some similar analysis are conducted taking into account the existence of unrecorded economy. The results in this thesis essentially show that: first, energy conservation policies can be implemented in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without any adverse effect on the recorded economic activities; second, different audit mechanisms should be used depending on the environmental objective of the enforcement agency; third, in some cases, environmental regulations may increase the size of unrecorded economy; fourth, economic policies to combat unrecorded economy may not serve as a complement to energy conservation policies. ; Cette thèse de doctorat comprenant cinq manuscrits et une brève analyse comparative internationale, propose une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les effets économiques et environnementaux de la consommation d'énergie. Elle étudie d'abord la relation de causalité entre la croissance économique et la consommation d'énergie en Turquie, puis offre une nouvelle méthodologie pour l'estimation de l'économie non enregistrée basée sur des données environnementales. La thèse développe également des modèles d'information asymétrique, où le régulateur ne connaît pas le véritable niveau d'émission de chaque entreprise qu'il souhaite réguler, afin d'examiner à quel point différents mécanismes de mise en application affectent incitations des firmes pour réduire leurs émissions polluantes et investir en technologies d'énergie propre. Afin de fournir un aperçu complet des effets des politiques de mise en application fiscale et environnementale, des analyses similaires ont été effectuées prenant en considération l'existence de l'économie non enregistrée. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que: premièrement, des politiques d'économies d'énergie peuvent être mises en application pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre sans effet nuisible sur les activités économiques enregistrées; deuxièmement, différents mécanismes de contrôle doivent être employés selon l'objectif environnemental de l'agence d'application; troisièmement, dans certains cas, les règlements environnementaux peuvent augmenter la taille de l'économie non enregistrée; quatrièmement, la politique économique pour combattre l'économie non enregistrée peut ne pas servir de complément aux politiques d'économies d'énergie.

This paper contributes to the understanding of the diversity of capitalism by combining approaches from comparative political economy and development studies, notably developmental state theory. We show that different types of capitalism react differently to global shocks and offer some support for the classic varieties of capitalism argument that external pressure leads to the reinforcement of historically evolved institutions. Moreover, we make several departures from established theories on the variety of capitalism, namely, their Eurocentric bias, their under-theorization of the role of the state, and the methodological conservative bias of institutionalist approaches. At the empirical level, this paper studies the reaction of East Asian countries (China, Japan and Korea) to the global financial crisis with a focus on fiscal stimulus packages that were implemented from 2008 to 2010. Unlike in the West, where a (short-lived) revival of Keynesianism could be observed, East Asian governments implemented large fiscal stimulus packages with strong elements of industrial policies. This paper argues that the size and character of fiscal stimulus packages can be explained by a path dependency of developmental state capitalism. In addition, the paper examines the substantial changes in the transformation from an old-style developmental state to a neo-developmental state. (author's abstract)

This open access methodological book summarises existing analysing techniques using data from PIAAC, a study initiated by the OECD that assesses key cognitive and occupational skills of the adult population in more than 40 countries. The approximately 65 PIAAC datasets that has been published worldwide to date has been widely received and used by an interdisciplinary research community. Due to the complex structure of the data, analyses with PIAAC datasets are very challenging. To ensure the quality and significance of these data analyses, it is necessary to instruct users in the correct handling of the data. This methodological book provides a standardised approach to successfully implementing these data analyses. It contains examples of and tools for the analysis of the PIAAC data using different statistical approaches and software, and it offers perspectives from various disciplines. The contributing authors have hands-on experience of using PIAAC data, and/or they have conducted data analysis workshops with these data.

Michael Schemmann analysiert die seit 1990 dokumentierten bildungspolitischen Orientierungen und Aktivitäten von OECD, EU, UNESCO und der Weltbank. Er deckt die Bedeutung inter- und supranationaler Organisationen für die nationale Bildungspolitik auf. Dabei arbeitet der Autor die Grundzüge eines globalen Diskurses zur Weiterbildung heraus.

"Starting from the problem of economic coordination, this article defines markets as a social structure for the exchange of rights in which offers are evaluated and priced, and compete with one another. It identifies temporality, the roles of buyers and sellers, the voluntary nature of trade, property rights and competition as key features distinguishing markets from trade and other forms of economic coordination. In order to function, markets require a shared understanding of a product, a common culture as rules of behavior and an agreement over the economic value of an offer. Finally, the article distinguishes between 'fixed' and 'switch-role markets' to show that it is necessary to speak of markets in plural." (author's abstract)

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ФИНАНСОВЫХ РЫНКОВ НЕПРИЗНАННЫХ РЕСПУБЛИК / Л. М. Волощенко, Е. В. Зарочинцева, С. М. Курмакаев ; ГОУ ВПО "ДОНАУИГС" // Сборник научных работ серии «Финансы. учет, аудит». Вып. 23. – Донецк : ГОУ ВПО «ДОНАУИГС», 2021. – С.50-60. В статье авторами исследовано состояние финансовых рынков Донецкой Народной Республики, Южной Осетии и Молдавской Республики,их законодательной базы, дан прогноз направления их развития, сделаны выводы. Ключевые слова: финансовый рынок, рыночная деятельность, национальный банк, денежно-кредитная политика, непризнанные республики, законодательная база. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINANCIAL MARKETS OF THE UNRECOGNIZED REPUBLICS / L. M.VOLOSHCHENKO, E.V. ZAROCHINTSEVA, S. M. KURMAKAEV ; SEE HPE "DAMPA" // Collection of scientific works of the series "Finance. accounting, audit ". Issue 23. - Donetsk: GOU VPO "DONAUIGS", 2021. - S.50-60. In the article, the authors studied the state of the financial markets of the Donetsk People's Republic, South Ossetia and the Moldavian Republic, their legislative framework, gave a forecast of the direction of their development, and made conclusions. Keywords: financial market, market activity, national bank, monetary policy, unrecognized republics, legislative framework.

Introduction : the emergence of the study of networks in politics / Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell -- The emergence of organizations and states / John Padgett -- Power structures of policy networks / David Knoke and Tetiana Kostiuchenko -- Political networks and computational social science / David Lazer and Stefan Wojcik -- Causal inference in political networks / Jon Rogowski and Betsy Sinclair -- Network theory and political science / John Patty and Elizabeth Maggie Penn -- Relational concepts, measurement, and data collection / Justin H. Gross and Joshua M. Jansa -- Statistical inference in political networks research / Bruce A. Desmarais, Skyler J. Cranmer -- Stochastic actor-oriented models for network dynamics / Tom Snijders and Mark Pickup -- Latent networks and spatial networks in politics / Cassy Dorff, Shahryar Minhas, and Michael D. Ward -- Visualization of networks / Jürgen Pfeffer -- Discourse network analysis : policy debates as dynamic networks / Philip Leifeld -- Semantic networks and applications in public opinion research / Sijia Yang and Sandra Gonzalez-Bailon -- Voting and participation / Meredith Rolfe and Stephanie Chan -- Social networks and vote choice / Lauren Ratliff Santoro and Paul Beck -- Political parties and campaign finance networks / Paul S. Herrnson and Justin H. Kirkland -- A network approach to interest group politics / Michael T. Heaney and James M. Strickland -- American political parties as networks / Gregory Koger, Seth E. Masket, and Hans Noel -- Legislative networks / Nils Ringe, Jennifer N. Victor, and Wendy Tam Cho -- Judicial networks / Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Dino P. Christenson, and Claire Leavitt -- Discussion networks / Scott D. McClurg, Casey Klofstad, and Anand Edward Sokhey -- Local government networks / Richard Feiock and Manoj Shrestha -- Network segregation and policy learning / Adam Henry -- Networks and European Union politics / Paul Thurner -- Networks and the politics of the environment / Ramiro Berardo, Isabella Alcañiz, Jennifer Hadden, and Lorien Jasny -- Health policy networks / Alexandra P. Joosse and H. Brinton Milward -- Terrorism networks / Arie Perliger -- The international-trade network / Giorgio Fagiolo -- Global governance networks / Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni -- Human rights and transnational advocacy networks / Amanda Murdie and Marc Polizzi -- Democracy and cooperative communities / Zeev Maoz -- Arms supply and proliferation networks / David Kinsella and Alexander H. Montgomery -- Bringing political networks into comparative politics / Armando Razo -- Democratic institutions and political networks / David Siegel -- Institutions and political networks in Europe / Manuel Fischer -- Social networks in the Brazilian electorate / Barry Ames, Andy Baker, and Amy Erica Smith -- Climate change policy networks cross country / Jeffrey Broadbent -- What can political science learn from other disciplines? : interviews with scholars in other fields: Steve Borgatti, business -- Matthew Jackson, economics -- James Moody, sociology -- Peter Mucha, mathematics -- Derek Ruths, computer science -- Stanley Wasserman, statistics and psychology