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Introduction. Venturing to Find New Approaches to Heritage in Peril for the 21st Century -- Part I. Cultural Heritage Between Theory, the Past, and the Future -- Ruins as Cultural Heritage. Ethical and Aesthetic Considerations -- Finding the Intangible: Contested Cityscapes, Inclusive Cultural Heritage Determinations, Balancing Stakeholder Interests… Is Urban Property Law Up to the Challenge? -- Should Heritage be Preserved? Examining Contention Over Confederate Monument Removal -- Ruins and Heritages, the Great Mutation of China's Diplomacy in its Encounter with Europe in the 19th Century -- Cultural Heritage Law and NaturalCultural Paradigms within the Sustainable Development Discourse -- Adopting a Holistic Approach to Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention -- Cultural Heritage and the Conservation and Insecurity Paradigms: International Law in the Pursuit of Social Cohesion -- NFT and Blockchain Technology for a Sustainable Future of Cultural Heritage -- The Virtual Museum: How Technology and Virtual Reality may Help Protect and Promote Cultural Heritage -- The Two Most Important 21st Century Disputes in Cultural Heritage Law -- Part II. Heritage Issues in Times of War and Conflict -- The Protection of Cultural Property in the Case of Armed Conflict: The State of Current and Future Developments in Military Doctrine -- Military Necessity as an Exception in the Context of Cultural Heritage Protection: Exploring the Role Played by the Proportionality Principle -- Cultural Heritage as a Neutral Party: The Role of Neutrality in the Protection of Cultural Heritage During Armed Conflict -- Mens Rea in International Criminal Law: A Look at Eichmann's Responsibility in the Light of Kant and Arendt -- Protecting Cultural Heritage in Times of War: A Study of the Gravity of Protection Rules vs the Weight of Violations -- To Break Their Will to Fight: The Weaponization of Heritage in Modern Irregular Warfare -- Heritage in War: International Criminal Responsibility for the Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict -- Destruction of Natural and Cultural Heritage during the Armed Conflicts: An International Law Perspective -- Facing Heritage Protection in Armed Conflicts, International Institutions and Civil Society -- Armed Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage Protection under IHL -- Cultural Heritage and International Security through the role of ANSAs -- Part III. Heritage Issues in Times of Peace and Stability -- Law, Vague Legal Terms and Clothing as Everyday Culture -- Eat the Rich: A Rethinking of the Heritage-Crime-Development Nexus -- Mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights in the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage: The Role and Issues Surrounding of Relevant Global Governance Actors -- The Legal Process of Transformation: Exploring the Interactive Relationship between Cultural Heritage and Geographical Indications (GIs) -- Gender, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Intellectual Property: Exploring Women's Empowerment and Cultural Production in Zambia -- Folk Art and Stylized Folk Art from the Perspective of Intellectual Property Law. Analysis of the Example of Two Polish Folk Song and Dance Ensembles, 'Mazowsze' and 'Śląsk' -- Part IV. Heritage as a Right: From the Fight for Preserving the Past to the Questions of Restitution -- Shrouds of Silence: Dismantling of the Heritage Sites of Middle Eastern Minorities as de facto Erasure of History -- The Consequences of Violence against Women and Children in Armed Conflicts for their Intangible Cultural Heritage. A Diachronic Perspective of Universal Rights of Women -- Cultural Heritage: A Critical Element of the Right to Education and the Right to Identity of Children in Armed Conflict -- Legal Obstacles to Claims for Restitution of Cultural Objects Removed as Spoils of War -- Cultural Heritage Law in the Dock: Protecting Cultural Objects in Un-recognized States and Governments -- Cultural Treasures and their Place of Origin: Crimean Treasures return to Kyiv -- Performing Special Protection: Cultural Heritage in PostWar Kosovo -- Conclusions. Heritage in War and Peace -- Afterword. Return to the First Seminar: Protecting an Invaluable Heritage. The Egyptian Case.

Satellites that measure the chemical composition of the atmosphere are becoming more accurate and numerous, providing a unique opportunity to independently monitor emissions for large geographical regions in a consistent way. This report elaborates the development of a software tool which is able to process satellite observation data and estimate NOx emissions from it for a pre-defined area. The tool is fully operational for processing satellite observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The tool is modular in design with the capability in mind to digest satellite data from various satellites and for pollutants. It is furthermore designed to be relatively simple and operates without a dependence on complicated and computationally demanding atmospheric models. The methods for satellite based emission estimation can complement data from emission inventories by incorporating independent measurement techniques into the reporting scheme. This would help to identify room for improvement in the compilation of inventories as well as boost the transparency and confidence in the reported data. The developed capabilities of the tool are applied to derive German national emissions for the year 2019 as well as the trend in NOx emissions between 2005 and 2019. Three methods to derive NOx emissions estimates from satellite observations are developed and applied to TROPOMI data for the year 2019. Derivation of emissions through direct integration of atmospheric concentrations over the vertical columns within a region (called the Naïve method) results in an estimate of German NOx emission of 1097.1 kton. A Gaussian plume-based fitting routine (Fioletov et al., 2017) led to an estimated 1241.0 kton and a computation based on the divergence of the pollutant flux field (Beirle et al., 2019) resulted in an estimate of 1260.7 kton. All three estimates are within 15% of the reported total emissions for 2019 (1108.82, NFR, Submission 2022 (europa.eu)). To derive the trend in NOx emissions within the past 15 years, the Fioletov method was applied to OMI observations between 2005 and 2019, showing an average decrease of around 25% between the 2005-2007 and 2017-2019 period, which is in agreement with the reduction reported in emission inventories (20% reduction between 2005-2007 and 2014-2016 period and 23% between 2005-2007 and 2017-2019 period found in the 2022 NFR reported totals based on fuel sold [Submission 2022]). TROPOMI was launched in October 2017 hence its data cannot be used to monitor long term trends. While all three methods show comparable results for 2019 at country level, differences were observed at smaller administrative scales, notably the Naïve method not being able to reproduce local emission gradients to the same level as the other methods. At the highest administrative level (Districts) the Gaussian plume method starts to outperform the divergence method. Both methods can be further improved to reach higher levels of accuracy. The majority of the uncertainties relate to the estimated NOx lifetime in the calculations and inaccuracies in the TROPOMI-NO2 product. An important issue when comparing emission estimates from satellite observations with the official inventory data is the fact that the inventories (by convention) do not include all emission sources which contribute to the observed concentrations. Adding estimates for natural emissions and emissions from the so called "Memo" items 1 from the IIR to the national total as reported in the IIR bring the inventory data and the satellite observation closer together.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Figures and Tables -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Physical Characteristics and Users of the Geostationary Orbit -- 1 The Way Leading to the Geostationary Orbit -- 2 Types of Orbits -- 3 Two Examples of Circular and Elliptical Orbits -- 4 The Geostationary Orbit -- 5 Geosynchronous Orbits -- 6 The Geostationary Ring as a Three-Dimensional Body -- 7 Some Natural Forces Influencing Satellite Positions -- 8 Users of the Geostationary Ring -- 9 Conclusion -- 2 Basic Concepts of Space Law as Relevant to the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Space Law Legal and Political Multilateral Instruments -- 2 Basic Concepts of Space Law -- 3 State Responsibility in General -- 4 State Responsibility for Space Activities -- 5 Liability -- 6 Conclusion -- 3 Sovereignty Claims with Respect to the Geostationary Ring -- 1 The Boundaries of Outer Space -- 2 The Bogotá Declaration -- 3 Position of Colombia -- 4 Position of Ecuador -- 5 The Unsubstantiated Position of Colombia and Ecuador -- 6 Conclusion -- 4 Slots and Electromagnetic Frequencies -- 1 Beginning of Space Communications -- 2 Brief Historical Background of ITU 's Role with Regard to Geostationary Communications -- 3 Stepping Stones for Geostationary Slot and Frequency Coordination -- 4 Controversial and Peculiar Issues -- 5 Conclusion -- 5 Space Traffic in the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Busy Segments in the Geostationary Ring -- 2 Sharing Duties for Satellite Station-keeping -- 3 Traffic Rules and Traffic Management -- 4 Conclusion -- 6 Pollution of the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Generation of Space Debris -- 2 Small Space Debris -- 3 Space Surveillance -- 4 Initial Efforts to Preserve the Geostationary Ring -- 5 Conclusion -- 7 Re-orbiting into Graveyard Orbits -- 1 The Geostationary Ring as a Protected Region -- 2 The Price of Re-orbiting Satellites into Graveyard Orbits -- 3 Evolution of the IADC Recommendations on 'Re-orbiting' into Customary Law? -- 4 Will the 'Re-orbiting of Geostationary Satellites into Graveyard Orbits' Crystallize into a New Norm of International Customary Law? -- 5 Legal Consequences If 'Re-orbiting of Geostationary Satellites into Graveyard Orbits' Crystallizes as a Norm -- 6 Legal Consequences Even If No Norm Exists -- 7 Conclusion -- 8 On-Orbit Servicing, Removal and Recycling of Space Debris -- 1 The State with Jurisdiction and Control -- 2 On-Orbit Servicing of Geostationary Satellites -- 3 Salvage of Space Objects -- 4 Recycling Space Objects -- 5 Responsibility and Liability for On-orbit Servicing, Salvage and Recycling -- 6 Active Space Debris Removal -- 7 Responsibility and Liability for Removal -- 8 Removal of Hazardous Space Objects XX -- 9 Model for The Distant Future: International Market Oriented Space Removal -- 10 Conclusion -- 9 Unauthorised Cyber Activities -- 1 Basic Technical Description of a Satellite System -- 2 Methods to Access the Computer Systems of a Space System -- 3 Unauthorised Access to Satellite Payload Information -- 4 Unauthorised Access to Satellite Flight Systems -- 5 Unauthorised Cyber Activities Under Telecommunications Law -- 6 Unauthorised Cyber Activities in Space Law -- 7 Phases of Unauthorised Cyber Activities XX -- 8 Recommendations to Counteract Unauthorised Cyber Activities on Space Systems -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Future Systems -- 1 Space Solar Power Systems -- 2 Space Mirrors -- 3 Space Elevator -- 4 Other Uses -- 5 Conclusion -- Concluding Remarks -- 1 Matters for Further Research -- 2 The Way Forward -- Annex 1: IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines -- Annex 2: Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations -- Annex 3: Table About the Practice by States and International Organisations on Satellite Re-Orbiting from 1999 to 2018 -- Annex 4: Proposal of an International Convention on the Removal of Hazardous Space Debris -- Bibliography -- Treaties, Other Instruments and Documents -- Court Cases.

Germany will spend around $6.6 billion to cope with an estimated 800,000 refugees expected to have entered the country in the year 2016; this reality indeed extending further into 2017. Despite this overwhelming number of people entering the country, Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that there is 'no legal limit to the number of asylum seekers Germany will take in in the coming years.' The announcement by Merkel's coalition government arrived following Germany and Austria opening their borders to the large numbers of refugees making their way north and west from the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere. In particular, this statement came after the Syrian refugee crisis created the biggest refugee crisis the world has seen since the Second World War. Germany is seen as the immigration hub of Europe. It also happens to be the second most popular destination for immigrants after the United States of America. Germany is also the country in Europe with the highest numbers of foreign nationals to date. Germany established a new immigration law in 2005 was born out of a realization that it was coming to terms with a demographic crisis stemming from an ageing population and further complimented by a sharp decline national birth rates. In foresight, and within this unfortunate context, migration was seen by much of the German political class as an economic necessity, and the answer to the German economic and demographic time bomb. Between the years 2009 and 2014, annual net migration in Germany rose from 100,000 to 580,000 individuals. Moreover, the inflow of foreign nationals increased from 266,000 to 790,000 individuals. As of January 2015, approximately 10% of residents in Germany were foreign nationals, with around 12% born outside the country. Naturally, these figures have all risen significantly following Merkel's decision to allow what has reached one million refugees and migrants into Germany across 2016 and moving into 2017. Moving from this reality, the research will focus on the importance of the compliance of Germany's migration policy with International Refugee and Migration Law, as it is crucial for the country's survivability and move forward throughout this phase of its history. The importance of the research lies in whether or not Germany's migration policy towards the Syrian Refugees in particular complies with its duties toward international law embodied in the treaties and conventions it has committed to. Ms. Diab holds a B.A. in International Affairs and Diplomacy and an M.A. in International Law from Notre Dame University-Louaize in Lebanon. The positions she holds include: Office Manager and Research/Project Assistant at the Lebanese Emigration Research Center at the Faculty of Law and Political Science at NDU, Operations Manager and Youth Coordinator at the Lebanon Dialogue Initiative, as well as Research Assistant and Assistant Project Manager at the Lebanese Development Network. She is a former Direct Dialogue Team Leader at Greenpeace International, and is currently a Research Affiliate at the Middle East Institute for Research and Strategic Studies. Ms. Diab is trained in her field both locally and internationally, having attended coursework, training and completed projects in Switzerland, Italy, Romania, Albania, Kosovo, The Netherlands, Turkey, Spain, Egypt, Japan, The United States, Germany and Ukraine. Notably, she is the winner of the apos;Mykhailo Verbytsky Awardapos; for Most Interesting Debate Intervention awarded by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2016, as well as the apos;Effective Presentations Award in International Criminal Lawapos; awarded by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and The Government of the Netherlands in the same year. She is currently appointed a Global Youth Ambassador for A World At School, a global Theirworld Initiative for the years 2017-2020 as well as the Head of Think Tank of the Global Arts and Politics Alliance based in Austria.

Introduction -- How Can a Human Rights-Based Approach Contribute to Poverty Reduction? The Relevance of Human Rights to Sustainable Development Goal One -- The Human Rights Framework for Establishing Social Protection Floors and Achieving Universal Health Coverage -- People and Their Health Systems: The Right to Universal Health Coverage and the SDGs in Africa -- Freedom from Violence, Full Access to Resources, Equal Participation, and Empowerment: The Relevance of CEDAW for the Implementation of the SDGs -- SDGs, Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: What Prospects for Delivery? -- Superfluous Workers: Why SDG 8 Will Remain Elusive -- Reducing Inequality Within and Among Countries: Realizing SDG 10—A Developmental Perspective -- Securitizing Sustainable Development? The Coercive Sting in SDG 16 -- Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Human Rights -- Reflecting on the Right to Development from the Perspective of Global Environmental Change and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development -- The Role of Public and Private Actors and Means in Implementing the SDGs: Reclaiming the Public Policy Space for Sustainable Development and Human Rights -- Towards a Division of Labour for Sustainable Development: Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations

Negotiating the rapids: the dynamics of regime formation / I. William Zartman -- Deconstructing the negotiations of regime dynamics / Bertram I. Spector -- Norms and principles as support to postnegotiation and rule implementation / Gunnar Sjs§øtedt -- The Mediterranean action plan / Lynn Wagner -- The challenges of regime adjustment and governance in the OSCE: from Cold War confrontation to democratization and preventive diplomacy / Janie Leatherman -- The ozone depletion regime / Pamela S. Chasek -- The regimes against torture / Anna R. Korula -- Regimes in motion: analyses and lessons learned / Bertram I. Spector and I. William Zartman