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The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le ...

Un'immagine dell'abuso del diritto è quella del fuoco sotto la cenere perché esprime il pericolo al quale espone legalità e colpevolezza. Sebbene l'ermeneutica penalistica sia vincolata, la materia tributaria rappresenta l'ultimo caso in cui forza normativa dei principi ed interpretazione teleologica hanno consentito incriminazioni in malam partem. Nemmeno la rilevanza costituzionale del bene consente di incriminare l'elusione oltre la riserva di legge: al giudice è vietato "creare un regime legale penale, in luogo di quello realizzato dalla legge". Il tema delle infrazioni di origine giurisprudenziale introduce una seconda accezione di legalità come concepita dall'art. 7 CEDU: la norma incriminatrice è valida allorquando - prescindendo dalla fonte - sia accessibile e prevedibile. Di fronte alla sentenza "Dolce e Gabbana" può affermarsi che incriminare l'elusione non è conforme alla legalità costituzionale, perché la commistione tra evasione ed elusione fiscale modifica il tipo in via interpretativa, né convenzionale perché le conseguenze non erano prevedibili quando furono realizzate le operazioni elusive. L'antagonismo delle concezioni di legalità trova soluzione avuto riguardo ai fini di garanzia. Se è contrario alla Costituzione accogliere un'idea di legalità-prevedibilità che prescinda dalla riserva di legge, la finalità di maggior garanzia possibile, esplicitata all'art. 53 della CEDU, non consente alternative alla sinergia: la legalità convenzionale sarà più garantista se integra quella costituzionale. La trasposizione sul piano interno della prevedibilità rileva sul distinto piano della colpevolezza, trova aggancio all'art. 5 c.p. e sposta la questione sulla conoscibilità dell'illecito. Alla rilevanza penale dell'abuso del diritto in materia tributaria ostava anche il principio di colpevolezza non potendosi muovere un rimprovero a fronte di un'ignoranza scusabile. L'affermata irrilevanza penale avrebbe dovuto spegnere definitivamente il fuoco dell'abuso del diritto, se non che alcune posizioni favorevoli al recupero in chiave di artificio espongono ancora il principio di legalità al pericolo di un fuoco sotto la cenere. ; Metaphorically speaking, the relationship between criminal liability and abuse of law may be described as a flame beneath ashes. In summary, a punishment based on the abuse of law is not consistent with the principle of legality recognized by the Italian Constitution: according to the Article 25, paragraph 2, in fact, no one may be punished except on the basis of a law enacted by the Parliament. Nevertheless, an infringement of the constitutional principle of legality occurred in the Dolce & Gabbana case where a criminal conviction for tax avoidance was pronounced by the Criminal Courts. In the lack of an express provision punishing tax avoidance, only tax evasion may be punished under Italian criminal law. Moreover, the punishment for tax avoidance was not foreseeable according to the principle of legality enshrined in Article 7 of the ECHR due to the fact that prior to the "Dolce & Gabbana" case tax avoidance was not qualified as an offence in the Italian case-law.

The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le droit pénal. Cette étude se propose de renverser la perspective classique en appréhendant le corps non pas au travers des valeurs qu'il véhicule, mais pour ce qu'il est. L'analyse de la place du corps en droit pénal révèle sa dissimulation fréquente derrière la personne. Lorsqu'il est appréhendé comme un objet autonome, le législateur semble l'assimiler à une valeur sociale protégée. Or, cette première impression est trompeuse car il n'en constitue que le substrat. La vie, l'intégrité physique ou encore la dignité lui sont certes inhérentes, mais le corps n'est que le support concret qui véhicule ces notions abstraites. Il en découle un régime peu satisfaisant, d'une part parce que le traitement réservé aux valeurs sociales protégées ne lui est pas adapté et, d'autre part, car lorsqu'il est traité en dehors du prisme de la personne, il fait l'objet d'une appréhension lacunaire.Face à ces incohérences, cette étude se propose de renouveler le régime octroyé au corps humain en lui appliquant les règles relatives aux catégories juridiques préexistantes – les choses et les personnes. Tirant profit du droit pénal de la personne et du droit pénal des biens, une conception renouvelée du corps émerge en droit pénal.

The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le droit pénal. Cette étude se propose de renverser la perspective classique en appréhendant le corps non pas au travers des valeurs qu'il véhicule, mais pour ce qu'il est. L'analyse de la place du corps en droit pénal révèle sa dissimulation fréquente derrière la personne. Lorsqu'il est appréhendé comme un objet autonome, le législateur semble l'assimiler à une valeur sociale protégée. Or, cette première impression est trompeuse car il n'en constitue que le substrat. La vie, l'intégrité physique ou encore la dignité lui sont certes inhérentes, mais le corps n'est que le support concret qui véhicule ces notions abstraites. Il en découle un régime peu satisfaisant, d'une part parce que le traitement réservé aux valeurs sociales protégées ne lui est pas adapté et, d'autre part, car lorsqu'il est traité en dehors du prisme de la personne, il fait l'objet d'une appréhension lacunaire.Face à ces incohérences, cette étude se propose de renouveler le régime octroyé au corps humain en lui appliquant les règles relatives aux catégories juridiques préexistantes – les choses et les personnes. Tirant profit du droit pénal de la personne et du droit pénal des biens, une conception renouvelée du corps émerge en droit pénal.

Studying the family link from a criminal law perspective may seem paradoxical at first sight. Yet this is not the case since the confrontation between these two concepts is as ineluctable as is it necessary. The examination of the impacts of the family link on the repressive rules falls within a multidisciplinary approach and sheds light on two conceptions, whose limits are constantly changing. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current phenomenon of transformation in the criminal protection of families through observation and research; and to break down the principles governing it, so as to better grasp the situation and to give a new orientation towards future implementations. The study reveals the existence of an overall disinterest of the repressive field in the family link precisely where its consideration is a fundamental criterion in the construction and consistent implementation of criminal rules. The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing body of repressive laws and regulations currently in use as well as to establish an unprecedented classification of family offenses. The creation of a functional typology of family offenses in criminal law will make it possible to provide tailored legal tools to deal with this dilemma and to implement a specific criminal policy regarding the family. This endeavour challenges the very existence of the family link in criminal justice and demands not only that it be reintegrated into criminal law at the initial stage of classifying family offenses, but also that it be subsequently taken into consideration when dealing with these offenses. ; Confronter le lien familial au droit pénal peut sembler paradoxal. La contradiction s'efface cependant devant le caractère inéluctable et nécessaire de cette rencontre. L'étude de l'impact spécifique de la présence du lien de famille sur les règles répressives s'inscrit dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et propose de mettre en présence deux objets dont les frontières évoluent constamment. À travers une double perspective d'observation et de prospection, cette recherche propose d'analyser le phénomène actuel de mutation de la protection pénale de la famille et de découvrir les principes qui lui sont propres, dans le but de mieux le saisir et de pouvoir en réorienter les applications futures. L'examen révèle l'existence d'un désintérêt répressif global à l'encontre du lien familial à l'endroit où sa prise en compte constitue un atout fondamental pour l'édification et la mise en œuvre cohérente des règles pénales. Cette étude propose d'analyser l'arsenal répressif existant et se donne pour objectif l'édification théorique d'une classification inédite des infractions familiales. La réalisation d'une typologie fonctionnelle de l'infraction familiale en droit pénal permet de pouvoir lui attribuer un outil de traitement procédural adapté à ses spécificités et d'aboutir à la mise en œuvre d'une politique pénale familiale spécifique. Cette ambition questionne la réalité du lien familial pénal et appelle, d'une part, à réinsérer le droit pénal dans le lien familial au stade de la classification des infractions familiales, et, d'autre part, à intégrer le lien familial dans le droit pénal au stade du traitement des infractions familiales.

Oggetto della ricerca è la rilevanza nell'ambito del diritto penale del principio di precauzione. Quest'ultimo deve la sua diffusione e popolarità al fatto di presentarsi come criterio guida al problema del rischio e dell'incertezza. L'esigenza di adottare scelte normative in condizioni di incertezza scientifica è infatti oggi ineludibile. Si cercherà in primo luogo di circoscrivere l'oggetto dell'indagine analizzando il rilievo che il principio di precauzione ha a livello legislativo e giurisprudenziale. Quindi si analizzeranno le problematiche che il ricorso allo stesso suscita con riferimento alla struttura classica del reato e legate al contesto di incertezza nel quale viene invocato. Tali problematiche si riferiscono alla possibilità o meno di dare rilevanza al modello del reato di pericolo, alla ricostruzione del nesso causale e all'influenza che il principio di precauzione può determinare nell'accertamento dell'elemento soggettivo delle colpa. Si concluderà l'analisi analizzando le diverse posizioni assunte dalla dottrina italiana circa l'opportunità o meno dell'intervento penale in contesti di incertezza scientifica, individuando, in caso di risposta affermativa, le modalità di intervento. ; The precautionary principle states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking the action. This principle allows policy makers to make discretionary decisions in situations where there is the possibility of harm from taking a particular course or making a certain decision when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. The principle implies that there is a social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm, when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk. In some legal systems, as in the law of the European Union, the application of the precautionary principle has been made a statutory requirement. Transposed in a criminal law context precautionary principle meets him with the characteristics of this branch of law. Criminal law is in fact a retrospective law and the classic type of crime (behaviour and event) clashes with a criminal policy time to avoid harmful events. The first stage of the research will be the analysis of actual characteristics of criminal law with particular regards to the meaning of that principle, according to the law and to the case law. The second proposal of the present project is to investigate whether the criminal intervention is feasible in case of scientific uncertainty, according to the different points of view of the Italian doctrine and I will try to identify a method of intervention, if it is possible.

Introduction: Studying European Ways of Law -- A - Theorising 'European' Legal Culture. 1. Images of Europe in Sociolegal Traditions ; 2. American and European Ways of Law: Six Entrenched Differences ; 3. La place paradoxale de la culture juridique Americaine dans la mondialisation ; 4. Globalisation and the Rise of Procedural Informalism in Europe and America ; 5. American and European Forms of Social Theory reflecting Social Practice -- B - Re-constructing Europe. 6. 'Cold War Law': Legal Entrepreneurs and the Emergence of a European Legal Field (1945-1965) ; 7. The Transformation of Sub-State Nationalism in Conflicted Societies: the Impact of European Constitutionalism ; 8. Is There the Spirit of the European Laws? Critical Remarks on the EU Constitution-making, Enlargement and Political Culture ; 9. How to Conceptualise Law in European Union Integration Processes? Perspectives from the Literature and Empirical Research -- C - European Styles of Legal Regulation. 10. EU Ways of Governing the Marketing of Pharmaceuticals-a Shift towards more Integration, Better Consumer Protection and Better Regulation? ; 11. Embedded and Disembedded Rationality: Contributions to Global Governance from European and US American Legal Cultures ; 12. Dutch Legal Culture and Technological Transitions-the Impact of Dutch Government Interventions ; 13. Early Intervention and the Cultures of Youth Justice: A Comparison of Italy and Wales.

Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei mercati europei e globali. Crisi, diritti, regolazione ; Il presente lavoro affronta il tema delle trasformazioni del diritto penale economico indotte dalla recente crisi economico-finanziaria, con l'intento di evidenziare come e in quale misura il contesto di crisi abbia influito sulle decisioni (legislative e giudiziarie, politiche e tecniche) di gestione, tramite pena, dei conflitti sociali. Passando per lo studio dei rapporti che storicamente intercorrono tra crisi e diritto, l'analisi si è sviluppata attraverso una sistematizzazione per tipologia dei fenomeni criminali associati alla crisi economico-finanziaria. Lo studio della risposta punitiva ai vari comportamenti criminali legati alla crisi, ossia i comportamenti crisis-related (le frodi finanziarie che s'inseriscono nella spiegazione multifattoriale della crisi), i comportamenti compulsati dalla crisi (in particolare, i reati d'obbligo in materia fiscale) e, infine, quelli incentivati (criminalità organizzata e criminalità del profitto in senso ampio) dalla crisi stessa, ha fatto emergere una caratterizzazione altamente congiunturale dell'intervento penalistico, segnato da un generale riorientamento dal fatto al fenomeno. Il lavoro ha altresì preso in esame, per operare un confronto e saggiarli nel contesto d'interesse, alcuni paradigmi penalistici di "crisi" già reperibili in dottrina (segnatamente, il diritto penale di transizione, d'eccezione e di lotta), anch'essi caratterizzati da congiunturalità e orientamento al fenomeno, finendo tuttavia col constatarne l'incapacità di spiegare compiutamente le torsioni subite dal diritto penale economico in relazione al fenomeno della crisi attuale. ; The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of the latest global financial crisis of 2007-09 on the economic criminal law. In particular, I investigate whether and how the context of crisis has affected the various (legislative and judicial, political and technical) justifications behind the use of penalty as a tool to manage social conflicts. To this end, the analysis suggests a classification of the unlawful phenomena associated with the economic-financial crisis by making use of a criminological systematization. The use of penalty is thus observed as responding to criminal behaviours which are either crisis-related (financial frauds included in the multifactorial explanation of the crisis), crisis-compelled (in particular tax crimes) or, finally, crisis-incentivized (organized crime and "profit" crime in the broad sense). From this standpoint, criminal intervention shows a highly conjunctural characterization and appears to be much more phenomenon-oriented than fact-oriented. In the final part of the thesis, some classical criminal law paradigms of crisis were tested within the framework of the economic crisis (namely, the "transitional justice", the "criminal law of exception" and the "criminal law of fight" paradigms), also characterized by conjuncturality and orientation to the phenomenon. However, none of them seems able to fully explain the torsions undergone by economic criminal law in relation to the experience of the crisis.