In the context of the Human Rights Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Bristih Institute of International and Comparative Law undertook a project on "Human Rights in International Law and Iran". One of the outputs of this project is the publication of the present book, designed as a practical guide and reference book for foreign jurists and human rights defenders ... (Quelle: Text Verlagseinband / Verlag)
Preliminary Material /A. Layish -- Introduction One Tribal Arbitrators' Documents As A Source Of Legal History /A. Layish -- Introduction Two The Sedentary Bedouin Of The Judean Desert /A. Layish -- Introduction Three Tribal Judiciary And Customary Law /A. Layish -- Document One Submission, Tribal Award And Registration With Notary Public (1978) /A. Layish -- Document Two Murder with No Witnesses and Exculpatory Oath at al-Aqṣā Mosque (1954) /A. Layish -- Document Three Blood-Money Pact Reducing Tribal Liability (1966) /A. Layish -- Document Four Dissociation From Blood Group's Liability On Individual's Initiative (1963) /A. Layish -- Document Five Unintentional Vehicular Homicide And Reconciliation In The Presence Of A Qāḍī And A Muftī (1955) /A. Layish -- Document Six Unintentional Homicide Entailing Diya Muḥammadiyya (1975) /A. Layish -- Document Seven Diya Muḥammadiyya In The Presence Of A Sharʿī Qāḍī (1957) /A. Layish -- Document Eight An Eye For An Eye Or Monetary Compensation (1956) /A. Layish -- Document Nine Amputation Of The Hand Or Compensation Of One-Third Of A Diya Of A Person (1973) /A. Layish -- Document Ten Abduction, Marriage And Closure Of Criminal File (N.D.) /A. Layish -- Document Eleven Offense Against A Woman's Chastity Ṣā'iḥat Al-Ḍuḥā (1956) /A. Layish -- Document Twelve Cutting Down Trees, Damage To A Well, Etc. (1976) /A. Layish -- Document Thirteen Tribal Agreement On Regulations Relating To Corn Theft (1949) /A. Layish -- Document Fourteen Mukhtārs' Petition Concerning Shar'ī Marriage (N.D.) /A. Layish -- Document Fifteen Shar'ī Confirmation Of A Customary Marriage (1956) /A. Layish -- Document Sixteen Shar'ī Marriage Contract (1958) /A. Layish -- Document Seventeen Resort To Tribal Qāḍī Following The Harī'a Court's Failure To Solve A Dispute (1963) /A. Layish -- Document Eighteen Prompt Mahr Given To A Bride's Mother In Trust (1934) /A. Layish -- Document Nineteen Acknowledgment Of Mahr As Debt (1934) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty Agreement Between Brothers On Mobilizing Mahr Out Of The Estate (1957) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-One Tribal Agreement On Mahr (1940) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Two Shar'ī Judgment Granting Maintenance (1964) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Three Bayt Shar'ī, Obedience And Divorce In The Sharī'a Court (1970) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Four Customary Khul': Compensation To Divorcing Husband On His Wife's Remarriage (1959) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Five Khul' Prior To Consummation To Be Effected In The Sharī'a Court (1966) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Six Consensual Divorce With Sureties To Be Effected In The Sharī'a Court (1974) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Seven Tribal Award Of Separation To Be Accomplished By Shar'ī Ṭalāq (1972) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Eight "Renunciation Divorce" On The Wife's Initiative In The Sharī'a Court (1962) /A. Layish -- Document Twenty-Nine Shar'ī Legal Opinion On Oath Of Suspended Divorce (N.D.) /A. Layish -- Document Thirty Agreement On Child's Custody And Maintenance (1979) /A. Layish -- Document Thirty-One Replacement Of Guardian Of Minors' Property By A Shar'ī Qāḍī (1904) /A. Layish.
This article proposes a model of anthropocentric ocean connectivity based on the concept of human perspective as location. Within this location, anthropocentrism can be, but is not necessarily, an exclusive or dominant valuation of the human. In fact, conceptions of both anthropocentrism and of ocean connectivity are pluralistic. These and other pluralisms are borne out in this article's content and structure, which takes the form of explorations of anthropocentric connectivity in relation to four specific ocean-related human activities. First, Jan Solski applies understandings of connectivity as "flow" in the context of strategic ocean geopolitics. Second, Iva Parlov analyzes current doctrinal issues and interactions at the international level with respect to the legal regime for places of refuge for ships in need of assistance. Third, Maria Madalena das Neves examines ocean connectivity in the context of transboundary energy trade and market integration, with particular attention to geopolitical and ecological connectivity. Finally, Julia Gaunce proposes that the making and application of transnational rules and standards for ships in polar waters enhances certain connections and disrupts others, to the detriment of oceans and people, and that broadening connectivity especially in respect of Arctic Indigenous people(s) could help address challenges faced by oceans and ocean governance.
The cause of disagreement -- Disagreement over the rulings of the religion -- Against disagreement over the rulings of the religion -- The method of the adherents of the truth when the correct ruling on an issue is not known -- Against arbitrary submission to authority -- The difference between submission to illegitimate authorities and referral to the legitimate authorities -- Against consensus -- Against speculative -- Against analogy -- Against preference -- Against inference -- Against legal interpretation and personal judgment
Status of religious communities -- Relations between the state and Islam -- State support for Islamic religious communities -- Muslims in integration law -- Mosques and prayer houses -- Burials and cemeteries -- Education -- Further and higher (tertiary) education -- Islamic chaplaincy in public institutions -- Employment and social law -- Islamic slaughter and food regulation -- Islamic goods and services -- Islamic dress -- Criminal law -- Family law
The impacts of climate change on marine resources are well known and demand mitigation and adaptation measures in order to protect the ecosystems. This entails more than simply altering management practices; it requires altering goal setting and managing transitions to new ecosystemic conditions. In the European Union, the main legal tool for protection of the marine environment is the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Greece, as a member state of the European Union, has transposed the Marine Strategy Framework Directive into its national legal order and has developed legal structures to protect its marine resources from various threats, including climate change.
The present paper aims to present the legal and policy management tools in Greece, relevant to implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and climate change adaptation. For methodological reasons, the paper is divided into two parts: The first part deals with those legal tools that apply to an initial assessment of the environmental quality of Greek marine waters, while the second part analyzes legislative activities pertinent to the design and implementation of programs and measures. The aim of the national legislation is to maintain the ecosystemic integrity of the marine waters of Greece and to preserve the unique characteristics of the aquatic environment with respect to present and future generations. However, the analysis shows that a holistic legal framework demands explicit provisions for climate change impacts, while the existing framework focuses primarily on anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment.
The 2010s was a busy decade for the Northern Sea Route (NSR). It started with the first shipping season to feature the international use of the NSR for commercial purposes, followed by a significant reform of the domestic legal regime, as well as the adoption of the Polar Code. The traffic has gradually picked up, and although the expectations of a significant surge in trans-Arctic navigation have not materialized, the NSR's annual turnover has grown beyond the old records set by the USSR. While the Russian authorities have struggled to find the most optimal means of development of the NSR, the latter has recently been re-marketed as a Polar Silk Road, part of the grand Chinese One Belt One Road initiative. While Russia has been rebuilding its military presence in the Arctic, the French Navy vessel BSAH Rhone unexpectedly navigated through the NSR, inciting strong political, but yet not legal, response. The present article aims to take stock of the last decade, paying primary attention to the Russian State practice in developing, adopting, and enforcing legislation in the NSR. By describing the current status and identifying some of the regulatory trends, the article will draw cautious predictions on the role of the law of the sea in the management of the NSR in the near future.
