Analyzing the role of Germany as a law-exporting nation the essay deals with a very specific aspect of the Rule of Law principle in criminal proceedings. The author describes the division of functions among police, public prosecution and criminal courts within criminal law enforcement in Germany adding some comparative law remarks. He furthermore provides an overview of structure and organization of the public prosecution in Germany. He focuses on the relationship and interaction between public prosecution and police in preliminary proceedings emphazising the importance of both being allocated in different ministries of the executive branch. Thus he points out yet another aspect of the constitutional principle of the Rule of Law: the role of public prosecution as guardian of the law towards the police in criminal proceedings.
The European Union and Japan have concluded an Agreement providing for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters between Japan and the twenty-seven EU Member States. It went into force on 2 January 2011; its official languages are English and Japanese. Hereafter, we present to our readers both a press release of the Council of the European Union of 18 October 2010 (A) and the main text of the Agreement (B; the three appendices are not reprinted), which was published in English language in the Official Journal of the European Union, 12.2.2010, L 39/20-35. (The Editors) ; The European Union and Japan have concluded an Agreement providing for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters between Japan and the twenty-seven EU Member States. It went into force on 2 January 2011; its official languages are English and Japanese. Hereafter, we present to our readers both a press release of the Council of the European Union of 18 October 2010 (A) and the main text of the Agreement (B; the three appendices are not reprinted), which was published in English language in the Official Journal of the European Union, 12.2.2010, L 39/20-35. (The Editors)
This article is generically dedicated to the legal effects of the acts practiced by young people, both minors and those of legal age, under the influence of drugs. In Part I, our attention is called to the legal-civil consequences of these acts. Thus, we shall begin with a brief preliminary note on the concept of civil law. Having noted this, we will examine the main topic to speak of the legally existing mechanisms (within the scope of civil law) to protect those people, and for this purpose, we distinguish between minors and adults (or equated to adults, which is the case of minors who are emancipated by marriage): the minor regime, in the first case, and possibly, the regime of incapacitation (an incapacity that is not generic and permanent), or even accidental incapacity (not permanent or transitory), caused by the consumption of alcohol or drugs, in the case of adulthood (or equated with adulthood). In the second part, initially, we give a general presentation of criminal law, with this part divided into two large sections: the sale and consumption of narcotics and the legal treatment given to minors. From a general standpoint, when an analysis of the agent's guilt cannot be made, the law considers him to be unimputable. From an internal standpoint, we shall analyze the most relevant legal aspects of the Decree-Law referring to traffic and to drugs. One particular aspect of this regime lies in the fact that in Macau, drug consumption is considered to be a crime (article 28), unlike in European countries, like Portugal, since 2000. We shall also take into account other legislation in Macau in which drugs play a crucial role, as is the case of the misdemeanor established in article 68 of the Highway Code, which consists, among other items, in driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics (note that this Code was recently altered by the Highway Traffic Law, which entered into effect in October 2007). Next, we will analyze the regime applied to minors from a concrete perspective of criminal law. ; Este ...
Nach der vorliegenden Untersuchung zum Outsourcing medizinischer Daten aus strafrechtlicher Sicht kann folgendes Gesamtergebnis festgehalten werden. Beim Outsourcing medizinischer Daten sind regelmäßig personenbezogene Informationen betroffen. Personenbezogene Information umfasst als Oberbegriff "Geheimnisse" i.S.v. § 203 StGB sowie personenbezogene Daten im Sinne des Datenschutzrechts. Bei der Bestimmung des Personenbezuges ist es trotz der grundsätzlichen Parallelgeltung von Datenschutzrecht und § 203 StGB zulässig, auf Grundsätze aus dem Datenschutzrecht zurückzugreifen. Für den Outsourcer medizinischer Daten droht eine Strafbarkeit nach § 203 StGB, wenn private IT-Dienstleistungsunternehmen vom schweigepflichtigen Outsourcer zur Erledigung von Aufgaben herangezogen werden und in Kontakt mit den Geheimnissen geraten. Daneben kann sich eine Strafbarkeit im Wege der Teilnahme an einer nach § 203 StGB strafbaren Geheimnisverletzung ergeben. Bei Sachverhalten mit Auslandsbezug kann es dabei zu einer Anwendung deutschen Strafrechts kommen, wenn die Teilnahmehandlung im Inland sich auf ein im Ausland erfolgendes Outsourcing bezieht oder die Teilnahmehandlung im Ausland sich auf ein im Inland erfolgendes Outsourcing bezieht. Bei § 85a SGB X und § 44 BDSG können sich ausländische Outsourcingpartner auch als Mittäter strafbar machen, da es sich bei diesen Delikten nicht um Sonderdelikte handelt. Allerdings lässt sich durch eine entsprechende Gestaltung des Outsourcingvorhabens im Einzelfall, unabhängig davon, ob ein Schweigepflichtiger nach § 203 Abs. 1 oder Abs. 2 StGB betroffen ist, eine Strafbarkeit vermeiden. Ansatz ist dabei die Tatbestandsebene des § 203 StGB, nämlich das Merkmal "Geheimnis" sowie das Merkmal "Offenbaren". So kann einerseits durch eine wirksame Verschlüsselung ein "Geheimnis" i.S.v. § 203 StGB entfallen. Andererseits besteht die Möglichkeit, Mitarbeiter des privaten externen Dienstleistungsunternehmens als Gehilfen in den Kreis der zum Wissen Berufenen zu integrieren. Hierzu muss der Dritte an die Funktion des Schweigepflichtigen so angebunden werden, dass aus objektiv-normativer Sicht von einer tatbestandlichen Verantwortungseinheit gesprochen werden kann. Auf der Ebene der Rechtswidrigkeit lässt sich der Gefahr einer Strafbarkeit nach § 203 StGB durch eine Einwilligung begegnen. Außerhalb des Rechtfertigungsgrundes der Einwilligung bestehen für das Outsourcing von medizinischen Daten regelmäßig keine strafrechtlichen Erlaubnissätze. Allenfalls in unvorhergesehenen Ausnahmesituationen ist eine Rechtfertigung nach § 34 StGB denkbar. Für den Regelfall des Outsourcings ist § 34 StGB nicht als Rechtfertigungsgrund tauglich. Neben einer Strafbarkeit nach § 203 StGB kommt beim Outsourcing medizinischer Daten eine Strafbarkeit nach § 44 BDSG bzw. nach entsprechenden Vorschriften der Landesdatenschutzgesetze sowie eine Strafbarkeit nach § 85a SGB X in Betracht. Die Gefahr einer Strafbarkeit kann ausgeschlossen werden, wenn das Outsourcing datenschutzrechtlich bzw. sozialrechtlich zulässig ist. Neben der Möglichkeit einer Einwilligung, die nur ausdrücklich erfolgen kann, ist die Zulässigkeit eines Outsourcings medizinischer Daten über eine Ausgestaltung als Auftragsdatenverarbeitung erreichbar. Vorschriften zur Auftragsdatenverarbeitung existieren sowohl im Datenschutzrecht als auch im Sozialrecht. Diese Vorschriften ermöglichen, sofern nicht spezielle Vorschriften des sektorspezifischen Datenschutzrechts wie beispielsweise Art. 27 Bayerisches Krankenhausgesetz entgegenstehen, in bestimmten Grenzen ein Outsourcing medizinischer Daten unter Beteiligung privater IT-Dienstleistungsunternehmen. Die Normen der Auftragsdatenverarbeitung ermöglichen nicht eine selbständige und eigenverantwortliche Aufgabenerfüllung durch den Outsourcingnehmer im Sinne einer Funktionsübertragung. Vielmehr muss der Outsourcer nach einer Gesamtbetrachtung das Gesamtgeschehen erkennbar beherrschen und steuern. Die Aufgabe darf nicht durch den Auftraggeber insgesamt aus den Händen gegeben werden. Andere Vorschriften, die eine Funktionsübertragung beim Outsourcing medizinischer Daten ermöglichen würden, bestehen nicht. Die straflose Möglichkeit des Outsourcings medizinischer Daten hängt von der Gestaltung im Einzelfall ab. Dies kann unter dem Aspekt der Rechtssicherheit und Rechtsklarheit beklagt werden. Wünschenswert ist eine bundeseinheitliche Regelung, die das Outsourcing strafrechtlich regelt. Unter den verschiedenen gesetzgeberischen Möglichkeiten ist eine Neuregelung des § 203 StGB zu favorisieren. ; Following the present analysis, from a criminal law perspective, on outsourcing medical data, the following overall result can be recorded. When outsourcing medical data, personal information is routinely affected. Under the umbrella term "secrets", personal data includes personal information in terms of § 203 of the Criminal Code (StGB) as well as personal data in terms of the data protection act. When defining personal reference it is permitted, in spite of the basic parallel validity of the data protection act and § 203 StGB, to refer to principles from the data protection act. For the outsourcer of medical data, there is a risk of culpability pursuant to § 203 StGB if private IT service companies are enlisted by the outsourcer, who is sworn to secrecy, to fulfil tasks and come in contact with secrets. In addition, culpability can result from participating in a breach of secrecy that is punishable pursuant to § 203 StGB. For facts and circumstances involving a foreign element, this can result in German criminal law being applied if the domestic participation deed refers to outsourcing that is taking place abroad, or if the participation deed abroad refers to outsourcing that is taking place inland. For § 85a Social Act X (SGB X) and § 44 Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG), foreign outsourcing partners can also be liable to prosecution as co-perpetrators, as these delicts are not special delicts. However, culpability can be avoided by means of a corresponding configuration of the outsourcing proposal in a given case, regardless of whether a person sworn to secrecy pursuant to § 203 para. 1 or para. 2 StGB is affected. The objective here is the basis of the facts of the case of § 203 StGB, in particular the characteristic "secret" as well as the characteristic "disclosure". Thus, on the one hand, a "secret" in terms of § 203 StGB can be cancelled by effective encryption. On the other hand, there is the option of integrating employees working for the private external service companies into the circle of authorized persons as assistants. For this purpose, the third party must be tied to the function of the person sworn to secrecy such that, from an objective-normative point of view, it can be referred to as a factual responsibility unit. On the level of unlawfulness, the risk of culpability can be met pursuant to § 203 StGB by consent. Outside of the grounds of justification of consent, there are consistently no criminal consent principles for outsourcing medical data. In unforeseen exceptional situations, justification pursuant to § 34 StGB is conceivable, at best. § 34 StGB is not a suitable ground of justification for the typical outsourcing case. Apart from culpability pursuant to § 203 StGB, culpability pursuant to § 44 BDSG resp. pursuant to relevant provisions of the Federal Data Protection Act, as well as culpability pursuant to § 85a SGB X, comes into consideration for outsourcing of medical data. The risk of culpability can be ruled out if outsourcing is permitted by data protection or social legislation. Apart from the possibility of consent which can only be obtained expressly, the admissibility of outsourcing medical data can be achieved by commissioning the data processing. There are regulations on commissioning data processing both in data protection as well as in social legislation. These regulations allow for the outsourcing of medical data up to a certain point, unless they are opposed by specific regulations of the branch-specific data protection law, such as for example Art. 27 of the Bavarian Hospital Law, with the participation of private IT service companies. The norms of commissioned data processing do not allow the outsourcee to independently and autonomously fulfil tasks, in terms of a transfer of functions. Instead, the outsourcer must discernibly be in control of and direct the overall events following an overall inspection. The employer must not let the task slip away completely. There are no other regulations that would facilitate transfer of functions for outsourcing medical data. Outsourcing medical data with impunity depends on the configuration in a given case. This can be criticised in terms of legal security and legal clarity. A uniform federal criminal law regulation that controls outsourcing is desirable. Out of the various legislative options, reorganisation of § 203 StGB should be favoured.
Nach einer wechselvollen Geschichte konnte der Kosovo nach Erlangung der Unabhängigkeit erstmals ein eigenes Straf- und Strafprozessrecht erlassen. Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt das geltende kosovarische Recht und untersucht es u.a. darauf hin, ob es den Vorgaben der Verfassung und der einschlägigen völkerrechtlichen Verträge entspricht. Beim Erlass des neuen Strafrechts scheint ein gravierendes Versäumnis des Gesetzgebers das "Vergessen" eines Delikts der fahrlässigen schweren Körperverletzung zu sein, obwohl ein solcher Tatbestand in dem vorangehenden StGB noch enthalten war. Das neue Strafprozessrecht wurde durch einige angelsächsische Elemente angereichert und entspricht im Wesentlichen den menschenrechtlichen Vorgaben der Verfassung und der EMRK. Für jugendliche Straftäter gilt ein besonderes Strafbemessungs- und Verfahrensrecht, das in einem eigenen Jugendgerichtsgesetzbuch niedergelegt ist. Die Regeln über die strafrechtliche Mediation können sich auf alte gewohnheitsrechtliche Traditionen der Streiterledigung stützen. ; Nakon svoje promjenjive povijesti Kosovo je moglo donijeti svoje vlastito kazneno i kazneno postupovno pravo tek nakon što je steklo neovisnost. Ovaj rad opisuje važeće kosovsko pravo te između ostalog istražuje je li ono u skladu sa smjernicama Ustava i odgovarajućim međunarodnim ugovorima. Čini se da je zakonodavac pri donošenju novog kaznenog prava propustio uključiti delikt nanošenja teške tjelesne ozljede nehajem, iako je takvo činjenično stanje postojalo u prijašnjem KZ. Novo kazneno postupovno pravo obogaćeno je nekolicinom elemenata iz anglosaksonskog prava i ono je uglavnom u skladu sa smjernicama Ustava glede ljudskih prava kao i s EKZLJP. Na mlade počinitelje kaznenih djela primjenjuje se posebno postupovno pravo kao i odmjeravanje kazni, a ono je sadržano u Zakonu o sudovima za mladež. Pravila o mirenju u kaznenim postupcima poduprta su starim običajnim tradicijama rješavanja sporova. ; After independence Kosovo could, for the first time in its history, enact its own criminal and criminal procedure law. This essay describes the present Kosovar law and analyses i.a. whether it is in harmony with the requirements of the Constitution and of pertinent international instruments. When the Kosovar parliament enacted the new Criminal Code it seems to have "forgotten" to include the crime of a negligent infliction of serious bodily harm although the previous code had contained such a clause. The new Criminal Procedure Code now contains some Anglo-Saxon elements and meets more or less the human rights requirements of the Constitution and the ECHR. Juvenile criminals fall under a special regime laid down in a separate Juvenile Justice Code. The rules on mediation in criminal matters are based on very old customary traditions of dispute resolution. ; In seguito alla sua mutevole storia il Kosovo poté introdurre il proprio diritto penale sostanziale e processuale appena dopo l'indipendenza. Il presente lavoro descrive il diritto kosovaro vigente e, tra l'altro, indaga se esso sia conforme agli orientamenti della Costituzione e dei relativi Trattati internazionali. Pare che il legislatore in occasione dell'introduzione della nuova disciplina del diritto penale abbia omesso di includervi il delitto di lesioni gravi colpose, benché tale stato di fatto esistesse nella precedente legislazione penale. Il nuovo diritto processuale penale è arricchito da un certo numero di elementi di derivazione anglosassone ed esso è perlopiù conforme agli orientamenti della Costituzione per quanto riguarda i diritti fondamentali, come pure alla CEDU. Nei confronti dei giovani autori di reati si applica un diritto processuale penale speciale, come anche per la comminazione della pena, che si trova nella Legge sui tribunali per la gioventù. Le regole sulla conciliazione nei procedimenti penali sono supportate da vecchie tradizioni consuetudinarie relative alla risoluzione delle controversie.
This book is the result of the first interdisciplinary conference in Vietnam which took place on "the Rule of Law." Instead of beginning immediately with a highly specialized debate from the perspective of one single academic discipline, we started to discuss numerous facets of the subject arising from a multidisciplinary dialogue. For this reason, the contributions for this publication come from various scientific disciplines in Vietnam and Germany: political, historical, social, economic and legal sciences, but also members of Vietnamese governmental and non-governmental organizations. The aim of the volume is to open up a dialogue about the Rule of Law between two very different legal cultures, the German-European and the Vietnamese-Southeast Asian.
Die vorliegende Dissertation ist die erste weiterer vergebener Dissertationen mit gleichen Themen, aber jeweils anderen Staaten, die im Rahmen eines größeren Forschungsprojekts des Instituts für Internationale Politik, Sicherheitspolitik, Wehr- und Völkerrecht der Universität der Bundeswehr München von dessen Leiter, Univ.- Prof. Dr. iur. utr. Armin A. Steinkamm, vergeben worden sind. Hintergrund des Forschungsprojekts sind die Bemühungen, Probleme in der Zusammenarbeit multinationaler Verbände im Rahmen der NATO beziehungsweise (insbesondere künftig) der WEU/EU, aber auch im Rahmen internationaler Einsätze unter dem Mandat der UN, OSZE u.a. zu reduzieren. Letztlich geht es langfristig um eine Harmonisierung der Wehrrechtssysteme, insbesondere in den EU- und NATO-Staaten. Mit Blick auf diese Intentionen werden die Wehrrechtssysteme Österreichs und Deutschlands vergleichend gegenübergestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen historischen, politischen sowie staats- und verfassungsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen untersucht die Arbeit die wesentlichen Rechtsvorschriften beider Länder, die die Einordnung der Streitkräfte in die staatliche Ordnung und die Stellung der Soldaten in und zu den Streitkräften regeln. Schwerpunktmäßig wird auf die Aufgaben der Streitkräfte, die Rechte und Pflichten der Soldaten, das Befehlsrecht und die Grenzen der Gehorsamspflicht, die Sanktionsmöglichkeiten des Staates gegen soldatische Normverstöße sowie die soldatischen Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten eingegangen. ; The present dissertation is the first of several dissertations - dealing with the same subject but focussing on different states - which were assigned by Univ.-Prof. Dr. iur. utr. Armin A. Steinkamm, Director of the Institute for International Politics, Security Policy, Military Law and International Law at the Bundeswehr University in Munich, as part of a major research project at the Institute. The research project is being conducted against a background of efforts to reduce problems in the cooperation between multinational units operating within NATO and (particularly in future) the WEU/EU, and also within the framework of international military operations under the mandate of the UN, OSCE, etc. The long-term objective is to harmonise the systems of military law, particularly those of the EU and NATO states. With these intentions in mind, a comparison is made between the systems of military law in Austria and Germany. Taking the two countries respective historical, political and constitutional conditions into account, the paper examines the most important legal stipulations governing the integration of the armed forces into the state order in both countries, together with the position of the servicemen within, and in relation to, their respective armed forces. The paper places particular emphasis on the tasks of the armed forces, the rights and duties of the servicemen, the right to issue orders, the limits to the duty of obedience, the scope for state sanctions against violations of rules by servicemen and the possibility of legal protection for those servicemen.
ABSTRACTObjective: the purpose of this article is to analyze the harmonization between the blank criminal rule and the theory of the objective imputation of the functionalism of Claus Roxin amid the pandemic of COVID-19, addressing the criteria of objective imputation, by emphasizing the creation of an unallowed risk, the realization of the risk in the result and the result included in the scope of the type. Methodology: the research undertaken uses the deductive method, via a qualitative approach to produce in-depth information on the topic; as to the nature, it is an applied research, because it aims to generate knowledge about the blank criminal rule for the practical application, directed to the solution of specific questions; as for the objectives, it is a descriptive research; and, according to the procedure, it is a bibliographic search, by reviewing national and foreign books and journals, and documentary, due to the revision of legislative texts aiming to extract the due deepening of the understanding of the blank criminal norm and its form of application. Results: two theses can be invoked to justify the harmony between the blank criminal rule and the objective imputation. First, through the idea that the complementary norm is an essential part of the type, being a true element of the objective type; the complementary norm can not only be used, but must also be used to carry out the objective imputation judgment. Second, in the full criminal incriminating rules it is common to analyze the exceeding of the limits of the permitted risk, the realization of the risk in the result and the result included in the scope of the type through the analysis of extra-criminal laws and infra-legal rules, such as: the principle of trust, the notion of prudent man and technical safety standards.Contributions: The research delves into a current topic, when discussing the applicability of the blank criminal rule in view of infractions committed in this exceptional environment, clarifying that, due to its dual political-criminal utility, it is an effective instrument for the protection of public health in the scenario caused by the pandemic of COVID-19.Keywords: Objective imputation; Blank criminal law; Preventive health measure; Covid-19. RESUMOObjetivo: o presente artigo tem a finalidade de analisar a harmonização entre a norma penal em branco e a teoria da imputação objetiva do funcionalismo Roxiniano em meio à pandemia do Corona vírus 19, abordando-se os critérios de imputação objetiva, mediante a ênfase na criação de um risco não permitido, a realização do risco no resultado e o resultado incluído no alcance do tipo. Metodologia: a investigação empreendida utiliza o método dedutivo, por intermédio de uma abordagem qualitativa, para produzir informações aprofundadas sobre o tema; quanto à natureza, trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada, pois objetiva gerar conhecimentos sobre a norma penal em branco para a aplicação prática, dirigidos à solução de questões específicas; quanto aos objetivos, trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva; e conforme o procedimento, é uma pesquisa bibliográfica, mediante a revisão de obras e artigos científicos de autores nacionais estrangeiros, e documental, devido à revisão de textos legislativos visando extrair o devido aprofundamento da compreensão da norma penal em branco e sua forma de aplicação.Resultados: pode-se invocar duas teses para justificar a harmonia entre a norma penal em branco e a imputação objetiva. Primeiramente, por meio da ideia de que a norma complementadora é uma parte essencial do tipo, sendo um verdadeiro elemento do tipo objetivo; a norma complementadora não só pode, como também deve ser utilizada para a realização do juízo de imputação objetiva. Em segundo lugar, na normas penais incriminadoras completas é comum analisar a ultrapassagem dos limites do risco permitido, a realização do risco no resultado e o resultado incluído no alcance do tipo por meio da análise de normas extrapenais legais e infralegais, tais como: o princípio da confiança, a noção de homem prudente e as normas técnicas de segurança.Contribuições: A pesquisa aprofunda-se em um tema da atualidade, ao debater a aplicabilidade da norma penal em branco ante as infrações cometidas neste ambiente excepcional, esclarecendo que, em razão de sua dupla utilidade político-criminal, é um instrumento efetivo para a proteção da saúde pública no cenário provocado pela pandemia da COVID-19.Palavras-Chave: Imputação objetiva; Norma penal em branco; Medida sanitária preventive; Covid-19.
The author analyses different systems of whistleblowing from a criminal point of view. After giving a short overview of different systems of legislation dealing with whistleblowing, the author focuses on the question, under which circumstances the whistleblower commits a crime, an offence or a misdemeanour in the German law system by going outside, revealing wrongdoing. The examination ends with an addendum about questions concerning German criminal procedure law.
Law transforms our lives in the most important way: it changes how we act and because of this it gives rise to fundamental questions. One such question concerns legal authority and individual autonomy and asks; if we are autonomous agents how do legislators, judges and officials have legitimate authority to change our actions and indirectly change how we conduct our lives? The strategy of this article is to focus on the agent, i.e. the addressee of the legal command or directive who performs the action requested by the legal official. This strategy is bottom-up, from the level of agency and practical reason to the justificatory framework of authority.Key words: Individual Autonomy; Legal authority; Compliance Phenomenon. Resumo: O Direito transforma nossas vidas do modo mais importante: ele altera como nós agimos e, por causa disso, exsurgem uma série de questões fundamentais. Uma dessas questões se relaciona à autoridade do Direito e à liberdade individual, fazendo surgir a pergunta: se nós somos dotados de autonomia como indivíduos, como os legisladores, juízes e agentes públicos possuem autoridade legítima para mudar nossas ações e indiretamente alterar o modo como conduzimos nossas vidas? O objetivos deste artigo é focar no indivíduo, isto é, no destinatário do comando legal que pratica a ação requisitada pelo agente da lei. A estratégia, dessa forma, partir de baixo para cima, do nível do agente e da razão prática até o quadro justificador de autoridade. Palavras-chave: Autonomia individual; Autoridade legal; Fenômeno de Compliance.
Die Arbeit untersucht die Effektivität der Richtlinien im Europäischen Kapitalmarktrecht. Schwerpunkt ist hierbei die Untersuchung der Umsetzung zivilrechtlicher Ansprüche. Der Prüfungsverlauf geht von einer theoretischen Untersuchung des Kapitalmarktrechts über die Analyse einzelner Kapitalmarktrichtlinien und vergleicht die Vorgaben mit den nationalen Umsetzungen. Aus dem Vergleich der verschiedenen Regelungssysteme werden Rückschlüsse auf die Effektivität gezogen. ; The study examines the effectivness of the directives in the European capital market law. The main focus is on the examination of the transformation of civil legal claims. The process of the examination starts with a theoretical analysis of the capital market law, analyses directives of the European capital market law and compares the results with the national transformations. Out of these comparisons a conclusion is made to the effectivness of the capital market law.
Ich setze voraus, dass Erfordernisse auf Wissenschaft beinhalten: (1) nicht-physische Ursachen für physische Wirkungen auszuschließen; (2) auch unbewiesene Annahmen und ungeprüfte Dogmen auszuschließen; (3) politisch autonom zu sein; (4) sich auf eine methodische Grundlage zu stützen und (5) im Rahmen der sog. vertikalen Konzeptintegration' zu arbeiten. Ich zeige, dass Strafrechtsdogmatik und Kriminologie, wenn sie Gesellschaft, Recht und die Verbindungen zwischen ihnen beschreiben, Subjekte behaupten, die es nicht gibt. Sie entkleiden Objekte ihrer natürlichen Qualitäten und schreiben ihnen außernatürliche Qualitäten zu. Außerdem behaupten sie Mittel im Kontext dieser Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehungen, die magisch sind, weil ihnen nachvollziehbare natürliche Wirkungen fehlen. ; I presuppose that requirements on science include: (1) to exclude non-physical causes for physical effects; (2) to exclude also unproved assumptions and unchecked dogmata; (3) to be politically autonomous; (4) to rely on a methodical foundation, and (5) to work in the framework of the 'vertical-concept-integration'. I show that criminal law dogmatic and criminology, dealing with society, law and the connections in between them, bring in subjects, which do not exist. They strip objects of their natural qualities and ascribe extra-natural qualities to them. In addition, they claim means in the context of these subject – object- relations which are magical, because they lack comprehensible natural effects.
Syrien ist ein Land, das viele politische und wirtschaftliche Veränderungen (insb. in der künftigen Wiederaufbauphase) erlebt. Relevant sind sicherlich zahlreiche Umweltfragen und -herausforderungen. Somit sind Prüfungen verfügbarer Umweltvorsorge- bzw. Umweltschutzinstrumente und deren Effektivität von größter Bedeutung. Die UVP wurde in Syrien in der ersten Hälfte der 90er-Jahre eingeführt, danach jedoch sehr langsam entwickelt, so dass sie z.B. erst seit 2008 mit den UVP-Ausführungsbestimmungen verbunden ist. Außerdem sind Literatur und wissenschaftliche Beiträge über die UVP in Syrien leider sehr begrenzt und decken nicht alle Themen und Aspekte ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet eingehend den derzeitigen rechtlichen und institutionellen sowie praktischen Zustand der UVP in Syrien im Vergleich zu Deutschland. Dafür wurde auf die relevante Literatur zurückgegriffen und Kontakt mit zuständigen Behörden aufgenommen. Weiterhin wurden die erhaltenen UVP-Fallstudien für verschiedene Vorhabenstypen (insb. für Zementanlagen) deskriptiv vergleichend analysiert und bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass das UVP-System in Syrien theoretisch eine befriedigende bzw. gute Effektivität besitzt, da es einen Großteil der vierzehn von Wood 2003 entwickelten Bewertungskriterien erfüllt. Trotzdem gibt es viele Schwachpunkte und Lücken im syrischen UVP-Recht (z.B. sind einige Schutzgüter und Begriffsbestimmungen fehlend; es gibt keine Vorschriften über Behördenbeteiligung und über grenzüberschreitende UVP sowie keine zusätzlichen Rechtsgrundlagen der UVP, wie Standards für menschliche Gesundheit und Landschaft sowie Gesetzgebungen zum Bodenschutz). Aus institutioneller Sicht leiden das Umweltministerium und die vierzehn Umweltdirektionen in den Provinzen als die zuständigen Behörden für die UVP in Syrien unter vielen fachlichen und organisatorischen Problemen (z.B. Personal- und Fachkräftemangel, Mangel an Umweltinformationen, fehlende Zusammenarbeit, Mangel an UVP-Integration in bestehender Entscheidungsfindung, begrenzte Anzahl von nichtfachspezifischen Umweltverbänden, sehr junge akademische Ausbildung im Bereich der UVP, Mangel an UVP-Experten, unzureichende Umweltberatungsunternehmen). Es ist zudem statistisch belegt, dass die Schwerpunkte der UVP in Syrien sowohl im Bereich von Baustoffvorhaben (einschl. Zementanlagen) als auch in den Kategorien der Nahrungs-, Genuss- und Futtermittel sowie der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse zu finden sind. Andererseits ist die Qualität einer UVS sowie eines gesamten UVP-Verfahren in Syrien nicht gut und fast nur als ausreichend anzusehen, da jeweils nur teilweise die fachlichen Anforderungen der guten Praxis anhand eines aus internationaler Literatur abgeleiteten Kriterien-Sets erfüllt sind. Der UVS in Syrien fehlen u.a. häufig detaillierte Angaben über Flora, Fauna und biologische Vielfalt sowie über die sozio-kulturelle Umwelt; weiterhin die quantitative Beschreibung einiger Schutzgüter (z.B. Luft und Böden) sowie der Umweltauswirkungen wegen nicht vorhandener benötigter Geräte und Methoden; die Berechnung von kumulativen Auswirkungen; die Prüfung von Alternativen; die Berücksichtigung weiterer Schutzgüter (z.B. Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Schutzgütern, Biotoptypen und Lebensräume); die Beschreibung der verwendeten Methoden zur Auswirkungsprognose und deren Auswahlgründe. So legt die vorliegende Arbeit ausführlich das Vollzugsdefizit der UVP in Syrien und seine Bestandteile (das Rechtsdefizit, das Institutionalisierung- und Professionalisierungsdefizit sowie das Praxisdefizit) fest. Sie stellt anschließend zahlreiche Empfehlungen und Maßnahmen zur Reform jedes o.g. Defizites und für jeden UVP-Schritt vom Screening bis zum Monitoring dar (z.B. Durchführung notwendiger UVP-rechtlicher Änderungen und Fort- bzw. Weiterbildungen, Errichtung eines UVP-Dokumentenzentrums und vierzehn Webseiten der Umweltdirektionen, Gründung einer nationalen UVP-Gesellschaft, Entwicklung von Checklisten zur Prüfung und Kontrolle der Qualität der UVP-Unterlagen (insb. für den Scoping-Bericht und die UVS), Verlängerung des Zeitraums der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung, Bedarf an Transparenz durch Veröffentlichung aller Entscheidungen und Ergebnisse des durchzuführenden Monitorings, Erklärung der Rechtsbehelfsbelehrung). Schließlich bleibt die Frage, ob Syrien in Zukunft einen tatsächlichen politischen Willen zum einen zur Optimierung der UVP und zum anderen zur Einführung anderer Umweltprüfungen (z.B. die strategische Umweltprüfung) besitzt oder nicht. Sicherlich ist es jedoch "besser spät als nie". ; Syria is a country that is experiencing many political and economic changes (especially in the future reconstruction phase). Of course, many environmental issues and challenges are relevant. Thus, testing of available environmental precaution or environmental protection instruments and their effectiveness are of utmost importance. The EIA was introduced in Syria in the first half of the 1990s, but then developed very slowly, so that it could be used, for example, only since 2008 has been linked to the EIA Implementation Regulations. In addition, literature and scientific articles on the EIA in Syria are unfortunately very limited and do not cover all topics and aspects. The present work examines the current legal, institutional and practical status of the EIA in Syria compared to Germany. For this purpose, the relevant literature was used and contact was made with competent authorities. Furthermore, the obtained EIA case studies were descriptively analyzed and evaluated for different types of projects (especially for cement plants). The results of the present work show that the EIA system in Syria has theoretically a satisfactory or good efficiency, because it fulfills a large part of the fourteen evaluation criteria developed by Wood 2003. Nevertheless, there are many weaknesses and gaps in the Syrian EIA legislation (e.g. some protective goods and definitions are missing, there are no rules on involvement of authorities and crossborder EIA, no additional legal bases of the EIA, such as standards for human health and the landscape and legislation for soil protection). From an institutional point of view, the Ministry of the Environment and the fourteen environmental directorates in the provinces, as the competent authorities for the EIA in Syria, suffer from many technical and organizational problems (e.g. staff and skills shortages, lack of environmental information, lack of cooperation, lack of EIA integration in existing decision-making, limited number of non-specialized environmental organizations, very young academic training in the field of EIA, lack of EIA experts, inadequate environmental consulting firms). It is also statistically proven that the focuses of the EIA in Syria are to be found both in the field of building materials projects (including cement plants), as well as in the categories of foodstuffs, food and feed and agricultural products. On the other hand, the quality of an EIS as well as an entire EIA procedure in Syria is not good and can only be regarded as sufficient, because the technical requirements of the good practice are only partially fulfilled by means of a set of criteria derived from international literature. The EIS in Syria lacks among other things often detailed information on flora, fauna and biodiversity as well as on the socio-cultural environment; the quantitative description of some protective goods (e.g. air and soils) and the environmental impacts by reason of non-existent needed equipment and methods; the calculation of cumulative effects; the testing of alternatives; the consideration of further protective goods (e.g. interactions between the protective goods, biotope types and habitats); the description of the methods used for impact forecasting and their selection reasons. Thus the present work sets out in detail the implementation deficit of the EIA in Syria and its components (the legal deficit, the institutionalization and professionalization deficit as well as the practical deficit). It then presents numerous recommendations and measures for the reform of each of the abovementioned deficits and for each EIA step from screening to monitoring (e.g. implementation of necessary EIA amendments and further training, establishment of an EIA document center and fourteen websites of the Environmental Directorates, establishment of a national EIA society, development of checklists to review and control the quality of the EIA documents (in particular for the scoping report and the EIS), prolonging the period of public participation, need for transparency by publishing all decisions and results of the monitoring to be carried out, explanation of the right of appeal). Finally, the question remains as to whether or not Syria will in the future have an actual political will on the one hand to optimize the EIA and on the other hand to introduce other environmental assessments (e.g. Strategic Environmental Assessment). Certainly, however, it is "better late than never".