Suchergebnisse

Good forest governance is considered a prerequisite for combating deforestation. Several countries including Zambia have formulated policies taking this into account. Several methodologies have been developed to track progress of forest governance. We apply the Governance of Forests Initiatives (GFI) indicator framework by the World Resource Institute to compare governance performance of different arrangements, with differing tenure and restriction to forest access and use in Zambia´s Miombo. Additionally, we test the applicability of the GFI indicators, on basis of community perceptions. Results reveal that: forest governance quality is low in all arrangements. However, tenure security and use restrictions are scoring relatively high in the non-restricted and culturally restricted arrangements, respectively. Implying the opportunity for strategies that build on existing customary tenure rights and cultural use restriction to improve forest governance. Concerning its methodological applicability, preliminary results show that some underlying governance factors cannot be exclusively summarized by the GFI thematic indicators.

AbstractResearch question/issueWe examine whether and how board diversity, measured by demographics (i.e., board gender, cultural diversity, tenure, social capital, expertise, and age) and structural diversity (i.e., board independence, size, board seat accumulation‐chair, board compensation, and board meeting frequency), influence corporate eco‐innovation.Research findings/insightsUtilizing a global sample of publicly listed companies for the period 2004–2019, we find that a one‐standard deviation increase in demographic and structural diversity translates into 4.66% and 7.11% higher corporate eco‐innovation, respectively. Furthermore, we discover that demographic and structural diversity promotes eco‐innovation by offsetting the negative effects of political risk. In an additional analysis, we find evidence that, in the absence of greater external monitoring (institutional investors and analyst following), organizations benefit more from the monitoring role of board diversity.Theoretical/academic implicationsBy adopting the concept of "bundling the governance mechanisms," our study adds to the ongoing discourse about the function of board diversity in addressing corporate climate footprints by offering original evidence that board diversity heterogeneity—demographic and structural diversity—matters for corporate eco‐innovation.Practitioner/policy implicationsGiven the increasing pressure on companies to manage their environmental impacts and carbon footprints, our paper has significant ramifications for those involved in promoting eco‐innovative business practices, such as policymakers, regulators, and practitioners.

AbstractResearch Question/IssueBased on the resource dependence theory and the ethics of care theory, this study aims to analyze whether female representation on boards enhances corporate ethics performance in listed companies.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a study sample composed of 1285 company‐year observations from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico during the 2004–2014 period, empirical results reveal a positive effect of female representation in boardrooms over the board's ethical functioning, the conflicts of interest transparency index, the creation of ethics codes, and the adoption of a stakeholder orientation. Moreover, the research evidences a greater effect in some ethical dimensions when women on the board make up a critical mass of three women.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis paper motivates the ethical side of corporate governance in a setting where women's rates on top positions are low, corruption and bribery are high, and cultural environment inhibits gender parity in terms of reaching higher positions in an organization. It can be specifically deduced that a higher female representation as board members may have an essential role in establishing and advocating a business ethics culture.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFor boards, having more female directors can enhance corporate ethical practices. For practitioners and regulators, this study shows that female directors tend to be more ethically responsible, emphasizing the necessity of mitigating gender imbalance on corporate boards.

ABSTRACTManuscript Type:EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue:How and to what extent does national culture influence the composition and leadership structure of the boards of directors of multinational firms?Research Findings/Insights:Societal norms about corporate structure are treated as components of national culture. Hofstede's measures of national culture were shown to predict the board composition and leadership structure of firms based in that culture. The hypotheses were tested with data on 399 multinational manufacturing firms based in 15 industrial countries. The results suggest that national culture can have strong effects on corporate governance and should be considered in any transnational study.Theoretical/Academic Implications:The predictive accuracy of the culture variables provides strong support for the argument that norms embedded in a society's culture affect organizational structure, at least at the board level. The results of the study contribute to our understanding of institutional theory in explaining observed variations in corporate board composition and leadership structure across countries. By linking board composition to the cultural environment, institutional theory provides an explicit framework for analyzing variations in board structure across national boundaries.Practitioner/Policy Implications:When considering board composition and leadership structure, it is important to consider national culture norms. The findings of the study also have important implications for multinational firms setting up boards for their subsidiaries in different countries.

"The Republic of China on Taiwan spent nearly four decades as a single-party state under dictatorial rule (1949-1987) before transitioning to liberal democracy. This book describes the social life of a neighborhood police station during the first rotation in executive power following the democratic transition"--

Purpose of Article. The purpose of the article is to reveal the socio-cultural dimension of the theory of social contract, to comprehend the basic determinants of service-oriented public policy through the implementation of a comparative analysis of theories of "contractionism" ("contractualism") and "clientelism" ("clientism"), especially in the clarification of functional relationships between subjects and objects of interaction in the context of their historiography and modern use. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative and systematic analysis, as well as historical logical and retrospective methods that ensured the study of the theories of "contractionism" ("contractualism") and "clientelism" ("clientism") in the historical context of development and interpretation of modern development of the Ukrainian state, allowed to reveal the essence and highlight the ideology and socio-cultural foundations of service-oriented public policy. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in expanding theoretical ideas concerning the ideology of constructing a service state and the role of customer-oriented relations in international and national practice of public governance. The service orientation is substantiated as the basic principle of the transformation of the system of rendering of governance services. Conclusions. The relevance of the concept of a public contract (social contract) is substantiated by the necessity for practical implementation of the ideology of the service state. The basic principles of contractualism and constructive dialogue as the value orientations of modern integration processes in Ukraine are determined. The importance of contractualism as a mechanism of constructive dialogue in the conditions of functioning of a social contract is substantiated. The achievement of social consensus through the conclusion of a social contract is considered as the basis for the development of civil society, and, at the same time, a guarantee of the legitimacy of power. At the same time, the destructiveness of clientism (clientelism) in the relationship between government and civil society is substantiated. ; Цель статьи – раскрыть социокультурное измерение теории общественного договора, осмыслить базовые детерминанты сервисно-ориентированной государственной политики через осуществление сравнительного анализа теорий "контракционизма" ("контрактуализма") и "клиентизма" ("клиентелизма"), особенно при выяснении функ- циональных связей между субъектами и объектами взаимодействия в контексте их историографии и современного использования. Методологической основой исследования является компаративный и системный анализ, а также историко-логический и ретроспективный методы, которые обеспечили изучения теорий "контракционизма" ("контрактуализма") и "клиентизма" ("клиентелизма") в историческом контексте развития и в интерпретации современного развития украинского государства, позволили раскрыть сущность и осветить идеологию и социокультурные основы сервисно-ориентированной государственной политики. Научная новизна заключается в расширении теоретических представлений о идеологии построения сервисного государства и роли клиенто-ориентированных отношений в мировой и отечественной практике публичного управления. Обоснованно сервисную направленность как базовый принцип трансформации системы предоставления управленческих услуг. Выводы. Актуальность применения кон- цепции общественного договора (социального контракта) обоснованно через необходимость практической реали- зации идеологии сервисного государства. Определены основные принципы контракционизма и конструктивного диалога как ценностных ориентиров современных интеграционных процессов в Украине. Обоснована важность кон- тракционизма как механизма конструктивного диалога в условиях функционирования общественного договора. Достижение социального консенсуса путем заключения общественного договора рассматривается как основа раз- вития гражданского общества и залог легитимности власти. Вместе с тем, обосновано деструктивность клиентизма (клиентелизма) во взаимоотношениях власти и гражданского общества. ; Мета статті – розкрити соціокультурний вимір теорії суспільного договору, осмислити базові детермінантів сервісно-орієнтованої державної політики через здійснення порівняльного аналізу теорій "контракціонізму" ("контракту- алізму") та "клієнтизму" ("клієнтелізму"), особливо при з'ясуванні функціональних зв'язків між суб'єктами та об'єктами взаємодії в контексті їх історіографії та сучасного використання. Методологічною основою дослідження є компаративний та системний аналіз, а також історико-логічний та ретроспективний методи, що забезпечили вивчення теорій "ко- нтракціонізму" ("контрактуалізму") та "клієнтизму" ("клієнтелізму") в історичному контексті розвитку та в інтерпретації сучасного розвитку української держави, дозволили розкрити сутність і висвітлити ідеологію та соціокультурні засади сервісно-орієнтованої державної політики. Наукова новизна полягає в розширенні теоретичних уявлень щодо ідеології побудови сервісної держави та ролі клієнто-орієнтованих відносин у світовій та вітчизняній практиці публічного вря- дування. Обґрунтовано сервісну спрямованість як базовий принцип трансформації системи надання управлінських послуг. Висновки. Актуальність застосування концепції суспільного договору (соціального контракту) обґрунтовано через необхідність практичної реалізації ідеології сервісної держави. Визначено основні засади контракціонізму та конструктивного діалогу як ціннісних орієнтирів сучасних інтеграційних процесів в Україні. Обґрунтовано важливість контракціонізму як механізму конструктивного діалогу в умовах функціонування суспільного договору. Досягнення соці- ального консенсусу через укладання суспільного договору розглядається як основа розвитку громадянського суспільства та запорука легітимності влади. Разом з тим, обґрунтовано деструктивність клієнтизму (клієнтелізму) у взаємовідноси- нах влади та громадянського суспільства.

Hong Kong, an international finance center, has been enjoying great benefits generated by computer-mediated communication ("CMC") in the new Information Age. On the other hand with the rapid and advanced development in technology, Hong Kong's economy is increasingly and irreversibly relying, and made dependent upon CMC and the Internet to operate, because the Internet has become a catalyst of reform and development in other arenas including social, cultural, and public policy. The Information Age raises new criminality concerns as it aggregates traditional criminal problems since great amounts of data are transmitted by and stored on computers is beyond imagination and CMCs are vulnerable to attack by hackers and computers can be used to defraud people and businesses of millions of dollars. Examining computer crime in Hong Kong presents major problems and issues such as agreeing in a commonly accepted definition of computer crime, fully understanding the extent of computer crime in Hong Kong's society, given the fact that only a small fraction of such crime is actually reported and generating the empirical data needed if one wants to develop effective measures to deal with cyberspace's disorder. After a short presentation of these challenges the authors describe, in statistical form, the trend of IT usage and Internet popularity in Hong Kong and also provide an overview of the background, the nature, extent, and distribution, of computer crime in Hong Kong. Subsequently the authors explore and seek to understand the policy, theory, legislative, law enforcement, and preventive measures through education as well as investigate whether the Hong Kong government's regulation of the Internet is excessive or deficient. Concluding that the Hong Kong government and legislation has been passive and/or inadequate and outdated in bringing a deterrence effect to computer criminals while the piecemeal activities of the private sector can hardly be significant or persistent the authors propose a more comprehensive approach in the formation of the computer crime policy, both in the legislative arena and law enforcement. On the other hand the government and private sector co-operation should be promoted but the government should take a stronger leading role, particularly in the area of public awareness and education in computer and information ethic while the study of cyberspace governance in Hong Kong should be encouraged.

Hong Kong, an international finance center, has been enjoying great benefits generated by computer-mediated communication ("CMC") in the new Information Age. On the other hand with the rapid and advanced development in technology, Hong Kong's economy is increasingly and irreversibly relying, and made dependent upon CMC and the Internet to operate, because the Internet has become a catalyst of reform and development in other arenas including social, cultural, and public policy. The Information Age raises new criminality concerns as it aggregates traditional criminal problems since great amounts of data are transmitted by and stored on computers is beyond imagination and CMCs are vulnerable to attack by hackers and computers can be used to defraud people and businesses of millions of dollars. Examining computer crime in Hong Kong presents major problems and issues such as agreeing in a commonly accepted definition of computer crime, fully understanding the extent of computer crime in Hong Kong's society, given the fact that only a small fraction of such crime is actually reported and generating the empirical data needed if one wants to develop effective measures to deal with cyberspace's disorder. After a short presentation of these challenges the authors describe, in statistical form, the trend of IT usage and Internet popularity in Hong Kong and also provide an overview of the background, the nature, extent, and distribution, of computer crime in Hong Kong. Subsequently the authors explore and seek to understand the policy, theory, legislative, law enforcement, and preventive measures through education as well as investigate whether the Hong Kong government's regulation of the Internet is excessive or deficient. Concluding that the Hong Kong government and legislation has been passive and/or inadequate and outdated in bringing a deterrence effect to computer criminals while the piecemeal activities of the private sector can hardly be significant or persistent the authors propose a more comprehensive approach in the formation of the computer crime policy, both in the legislative arena and law enforcement. On the other hand the government and private sector co-operation should be promoted but the government should take a stronger leading role, particularly in the area of public awareness and education in computer and information ethic while the study of cyberspace governance in Hong Kong should be encouraged.

The article analyzes modern concepts and models of public policy formation in transition systems. It is noted that the application of existing models of public policy making for the analysis of transitional systems is one of the unresolved challenges facing researchers. It is revealed that under the influence of global factors, systemic transformations, inclusion of new management patterns in the political process there is a change in modern public policy practices, which is taken into account when constructing theoretical models of formation in the studied countries. Modern management theories reflect current trends in public policy through the numerous practices of interaction between traditional and new public actors, who form their own alternatives to the agenda. All transitional systems solve the problems of governance reform and reformatting of socio-political relations depending on economic, political, historical, institutional, socio-cultural and foreign policy circumstances. As a result of these transformations, which countries go through with varying degrees of dynamism and intensity, a special national version of the public space is formed. The specificity of installing management models in transitional systems is that these systems, as a rule, transplant public institutions that operate successfully in democratic systems or globally, adapting them to their conditions. However, transplanted institutions are often unable to function effectively due to the unwillingness of systems to fully integrate them into the process for political, social, cultural and other reasons. New management practices have a positive effect on the adaptation of public policy models in national systems. Institutionalizing, "e-government" contributes to the formation of a new type of "electronic" citizen and a new type of managerial thinking. New opportunities are created for the representation of public interests and the influence of public structures on the process of public policy production. ; У статті проаналізовано сучасні концепції та моделі формування публічної політики у перехідних системах. Зазначено, що застосування існуючих моделей формування публічної політики для аналізу перехідних систем є одним із невирішених завдань, що стоять перед дослідниками. Виявлено, що під впливом глобальних факторів, системних трансформацій, включення нових паттернів управління у політичний процес відбувається зміна сучасних практик публічної політики, що враховується при конструюванні теоретичних моделей формування у досліджуваних країнах. Сучасні теорії управління відображають сучасні тенденції публічної політики через численні практики взаємодії традиційних і нових публічних акторів, які формують власні альтернативи порядку денного. Усі перехідні системи вирішують проблеми реформування управління та переформатування соціально-політичних відносин в залежності від економічних, політичних, історичних, інституціональних, соціально-культурних і зовнішньополітичних обставин. У результаті цих перетворень, які країни проходять із різним ступенем динамічності та інтенсивності, формується особливий національний варіант публічного простору. Специфікою інсталювання управлінських моделей в перехідних системах є те, що ці системи, як правило, трансплантують публічні інститути, які успішно працюють в демократичних системах або на глобальному рівні, адаптуючи їх до своїх умов. Однак найчастіше інститути, що трансплантуються, не можуть працювати ефективно в силу неготовності систем повноцінно включати їх у процес з політичних, соціальних, культурних та інших причин. Нові практики управління позитивно впливають на адаптацію моделей публічної політики в національних системах. Інституціоналізуючись, «електронне урядування» сприяє формуванню нового типу «електронного» громадянина й нового типу управлінського мислення. Створюються нові можливості репрезентації публічних інтересів і впливу громадських структур на процес виробництва публічної політики.

The article analyzes modern concepts and models of public policy formation in transition systems. It is noted that the application of existing models of public policy making for the analysis of transitional systems is one of the unresolved challenges facing researchers. It is revealed that under the influence of global factors, systemic transformations, inclusion of new management patterns in the political process there is a change in modern public policy practices, which is taken into account when constructing theoretical models of formation in the studied countries. Modern management theories reflect current trends in public policy through the numerous practices of interaction between traditional and new public actors, who form their own alternatives to the agenda. All transitional systems solve the problems of governance reform and reformatting of socio-political relations depending on economic, political, historical, institutional, socio-cultural and foreign policy circumstances. As a result of these transformations, which countries go through with varying degrees of dynamism and intensity, a special national version of the public space is formed. The specificity of installing management models in transitional systems is that these systems, as a rule, transplant public institutions that operate successfully in democratic systems or globally, adapting them to their conditions. However, transplanted institutions are often unable to function effectively due to the unwillingness of systems to fully integrate them into the process for political, social, cultural and other reasons. New management practices have a positive effect on the adaptation of public policy models in national systems. Institutionalizing, "e-government" contributes to the formation of a new type of "electronic" citizen and a new type of managerial thinking. New opportunities are created for the representation of public interests and the influence of public structures on the process of public policy production. ; У статті проаналізовано сучасні концепції та моделі формування публічної політики у перехідних системах. Зазначено, що застосування існуючих моделей формування публічної політики для аналізу перехідних систем є одним із невирішених завдань, що стоять перед дослідниками. Виявлено, що під впливом глобальних факторів, системних трансформацій, включення нових паттернів управління у політичний процес відбувається зміна сучасних практик публічної політики, що враховується при конструюванні теоретичних моделей формування у досліджуваних країнах. Сучасні теорії управління відображають сучасні тенденції публічної політики через численні практики взаємодії традиційних і нових публічних акторів, які формують власні альтернативи порядку денного. Усі перехідні системи вирішують проблеми реформування управління та переформатування соціально-політичних відносин в залежності від економічних, політичних, історичних, інституціональних, соціально-культурних і зовнішньополітичних обставин. У результаті цих перетворень, які країни проходять із різним ступенем динамічності та інтенсивності, формується особливий національний варіант публічного простору. Специфікою інсталювання управлінських моделей в перехідних системах є те, що ці системи, як правило, трансплантують публічні інститути, які успішно працюють в демократичних системах або на глобальному рівні, адаптуючи їх до своїх умов. Однак найчастіше інститути, що трансплантуються, не можуть працювати ефективно в силу неготовності систем повноцінно включати їх у процес з політичних, соціальних, культурних та інших причин. Нові практики управління позитивно впливають на адаптацію моделей публічної політики в національних системах. Інституціоналізуючись, «електронне урядування» сприяє формуванню нового типу «електронного» громадянина й нового типу управлінського мислення. Створюються нові можливості репрезентації публічних інтересів і впливу громадських структур на процес виробництва публічної політики.

The book focuses on Intercultural approach combining a conceptual and practical approach. It is composed by 18 "middle range concepts" - as social integration, migration governance, cultural identity, citizenship, reflexivity, overcoming racism - connecting specific issues with the theoretical dimension to have a good implementation of practices.

The intended outcomes of governance for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are made clear in the Reef Long Term Sustainability Plan (LTSP). At its broadest level, the vision for future outcomes in the GBR under the LTSP is "to ensure the Great Barrier Reef continues to improve on its Outstanding Universal Value every decade between now and 2050 to be a natural wonder for each successive generation to come" (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). The Plan goes on to outline a range of quite specific water quality and reef health targets that it intends to achieve by 2050. This vision and associated outcomes are broadly agreed across the Australian and Queensland Governments and among key sectors with GBR interests. These outcomes are also implicitly supported internationally through recent decisions regarding the future status of the GBR taken by the United Nations Educations, Sciences and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2015). This document consists of a number of rapid assessment tables that examine the risk of systemic failure of key governance domains and subdomains that majorly influence outcomes in the GBR. In doing so, we apply the Governance Systems Analysis (GSA) framework tested in Dale et al. (2013). Table 3 provides a description and summary of the results of all the rapid assessments contained in this document. The rapid assessment tables below are organised based on their alignment with the overarching governance themes of Economic Development, Social Development, and Environmental Management. Within all themes, some governance domains are broken down into more distinct subdomains. Most rapid assessment tables in this document describe and assess the governance systems within domains and subdomains in the Environmental Management Theme. Each rapid assessment table consists of a short description of the domain or subdomain, followed by the identification and explanation of the key structural and functional components of each. Based on this, the likelihood and consequences of the each domain's or subdomain's governance system failing are identified. Each table also consequently contains a score for the likelihood of systemic failure and the consequence of systemic failure. Finally, a cumulative risk rating is then derived from the multiplication of each of the aforementioned scores. The rapid assessment tables conclude with the identification of possible or suggested areas for governance reform. The standardised scores described in Table 1 and Table 2 are used throughout this document to indicate the likelihood and consequences of systemic failure of the governance system. The use of standard criteria enables benchmarking of the target governance system over time and repeatability of the assessment/s. The multiplication of the likelihood and consequence scores provides an indication of the risk of failure of the governance system being analysed. Overview References: Commonwealth of Australia. (2015). Reef 2050 long-term sustainability plan. Canberra: Department of the Environment. Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr/long-term-sustainability-plan Dale, A., Vella, K., Pressey, R., Brodie, J., Yorkston, H., & Pott, s. R. (2013). A method for risk analysis across governance systems: a Great Barrier Reef case study. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 1-16. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015037 UNESCO (2015). Decision: 39 COM 7B.7. Great Barrier Reef (Australia) (N 154). Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2015/whc15-39com-19-en.pdf

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis paper investigates whether and how millennial mutual fund managers differ from managers born in other generations in terms of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) orientation in portfolio choices and voting decisions.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that millennial mutual fund managers hold portfolios that are more ESG oriented than do managers from other generations, consistent with anecdotal evidence suggesting that millennials are more driven by purpose than profits. Our findings suggest that the observed relationship is stronger when managers have more discretion over portfolio choices, that is, in active funds and funds with lower flow‐performance sensitivity. Furthermore, we find that millennial managers respond more strongly to social movements by reallocating assets into more socially conscious firms. We also find that millennial managers are more supportive of environmental proposals when their outcome is contested.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur paper shows how cultural, political, and economic events, including social movements experienced by people of the same age cohort, shape preferences and beliefs and result in different investment strategies and voting among mutual fund managers. We also show how institutional constraints might limit managers' ability to impose their own preferences when investing or voting their shares.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsMillennials are increasingly replacing older generations in managerial roles and investing in the stock market due to wealth transfers from their parents. This study offers insights to policymakers and investors interested in understanding the drivers of ESG investment.

This article provides a critique of the self-validating public responses to the international crisis of legitimacy facing the banking industry and professional politicians since the economic crisis of 2009. It compares the failure of economic conscience within Establishment institutions with the public culture of intrinsic economic conscience found in some developing economies and similar embryonic developments in Western economies. It highlights the way this alternative economic conscience might contribute to public discourse about economic and political governance, and thereby to democratic renewal in more supposedly advanced societies.