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From fishers in the Philippines to pastoralists in Morocco and rubber tappers in the Amazon, local communities have been actively participating in the management of natural resources. Since the 1990s, there has been a growing recognition of the benefits that can be derived from transferring control over natural resources from central governments to local bodies. At the international level, this trend is seen in agreements such as the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Convention on Biological Diversity that commit signatories to principles of decentralization, subsidiarity, and local participation. At the national level, many countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe have devolved management responsibilities over rangelands, forests, fisheries, and irrigation to local government authorities, resource users, or both. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4; CAPRi ; EPTD

AbstractHistorically, the structuring of human resource management suggests that it has evolved from a market‐based structure to more centralized control in a bureaucratic‐based structure. Recently the function has devolved from the bureaucratic‐based structure to multiple forms of market‐based structures as well as clan‐type structures such as self‐directed work teams. This evolution I devolution process is explained using constructs from market failures theory and organizational economics. Propositions from the proposed contingency theory of devolution can guide future research, and our explanations will help human resource managers deliver their services through the most effective structure.RésuméHistoriquement, la gestion des ressources humaines est passée dune structure reposant sur des mécanismes de marché à une structure bureaucratique à contrǒle centralisé. Récemment, cette fonction en est revenue à divers types de structures basées sur les mécanismes de marché et aussi à des structures reposant sur la concept de clan, comme les équipes de travail autonomes. Ce processus de "dé‐évolution" est expliquée par le biais de construits empruntés à la theorie de faillite des marchès et à l'éco‐nomique des organisations. Diverses propositions sont faites afin de guider la recherche future. Des explications aideront les gestionnaires des ressource humaines à offrir leurs services par le biais de la structure la plus efficace.

This paper evaluates the impacts of natural resource devolution policies in several Asian and southern African countries from the perspective of local people. Devolution outcomes are assessed in terms of who has greater benefits and decision-making authority. We also examine the factors that have influenced the devolution process. We conclude that: Most devolved NRM reflects some continuation of central government control and management over natural resources rather than a genuine shift in authority to local people. The ways in which local people realise the benefits of devolution differ widely and negative trade-offs, most felt by the poor, are common. States, communities and other stakeholders have different visions of devolution and its mode of implementation. A shared framework, more accountable to local livelihood needs and people's rights to self-determination, is required. Redefining issues of wider 'public interest' forms part of this process. Organisational models that devolve authority directly to disadvantaged resource users are more embracing of local interests and priorities than those that allocate control to higher levels of social organisation. More powerful actors in communities tend to manipulate devolution outcomes to suit themselves. Checks and balances need to be in place to ensure that benefits and decision-making do not become controlled by elites. Strong local organisational capacity and political capital enhance outcomes for local people by enabling them to mobilize resources and negotiate for better benefits. NGOs, donors, federations and other external actors have a key role in moving devolution policy and practice towards local interests.

Many past and potential New Zealand reforms involve significant devolution, i.e. the transfer of authority to make decisions on behalf of society from a higher to a lower level of government. In particular the Resource Management Act (RMA), the health and education reforms, and decisions about the institutions for addressing Maori issues have led to significant devolution of authority. Employment policy and social welfare are areas where devolution is an important policy option. The role and function of local government also is inherently an issue of the appropriate level of devolution. Many of these reforms have now been in place for a number of years, so it is appropriate to review our experience of devolution, identify the successes, and attempt to address the problems that have arisen. Two papers address issues of when and how we should devolve authority from central to local government. This paper looks at devolution both from a general theoretical standpoint and from the perspective of the New Zealand Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), with residential land use as an illustration. Although the RMA is discussed throughout both papers, the framework developed applies to any area of policy for which devolution decisions are being considered. The second paper, Treasury Working Paper 98/7a, applies the framework to the optimal pattern of devolution for policies relating to kiwi protection.

Metadata only record ; This paper assesses the impacts of devolving environmental and natural resource (ENR) management. The author examines factors that may constrain or facilitate capturing gains and developing mores sustainable ENR management systems in the Philippines. The influence of Local Government Code implementation on fiscal decentralization is also described.

Salahsatu aspek yang masih menyisakan problematika dalam kerangka pelaksanaan otonomi daerah sejak paradigma barunya digulirkan pada awal tahun 2000 silam adalah menyangkut isu desentralisasi dalam bidang politik, atau yang secara teoritik lazim disebut sebagai devolusi politik (devolution of power). Pokok problematikanya terletak pada gejala dimana partai politik ditingkat lokal secara hierarkis diciptakan sedemikian rupa menjadi sangat bergantung pada kekuasaan partai ditingkat pusat. Hal ini berbeda, paling tidak sampaibatas tertentu, dengan pranata-pranata kepemerintahan dalam kerangka pelaksanaan otonomi yang secara tegas diberikan kewenangan (authority) berdasarkan aturan perundang-undangan. situasi yang demikian ini melahirkan implikasi politik antara lain, bahwa politik ditingkat lokal tidak berdaya,bahkan ketika menyangkut urusan yang benar-benar merupakan persoalan kebutuhan atau kepentingan lokal. Misalnya dalam konteks pemilukada, dimana para calon kepala daerah yang idealnya dipersiapkan dan ditentukan oleh pengurus partai di daerah yang secara hipotesis lebih mengetahui figur-figur calon pemimpin lokal (baik dari internal maupun eksternal partai). faktanya selalu sangat bergantung pada kendali dan keputusan pada DPP partai politik. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian mengenai problematika yang dihadapi partai politik ditingkat lokal dalam kerangka relasi hierarkis dengan institusi partai di tingkat pusat ditinjau dari perspektif politik (Political decentralization perspektif) yang mendefinisikan desentralisasi politik sebagai devolusi kekuasaan. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, data dihimpun secara kombinatif dari sumber-sumber pemberitaan di media massa dan fakta empirik yang dapat diamati

Salahsatu aspek yang masih menyisakan problematika dalam kerangka pelaksanaan otonomi daerah sejak paradigma barunya digulirkan pada awal tahun 2000 silam adalah menyangkut isu desentralisasi dalam bidang politik, atau yang secara teoritik lazim disebut sebagai devolusi politik (devolution of power). Pokok problematikanya terletak pada gejala dimana partai politik ditingkat lokal secara hierarkis diciptakan sedemikian rupa menjadi sangat bergantung pada kekuasaan partai ditingkat pusat. Hal ini berbeda, paling tidak sampaibatas tertentu, dengan pranata-pranata kepemerintahan dalam kerangka pelaksanaan otonomi yang secara tegas diberikan kewenangan (authority) berdasarkan aturan perundang-undangan. situasi yang demikian ini melahirkan implikasi politik antara lain, bahwa politik ditingkat lokal tidak berdaya,bahkan ketika menyangkut urusan yang benar-benar merupakan persoalan kebutuhan atau kepentingan lokal. Misalnya dalam konteks pemilukada, dimana para calon kepala daerah yang idealnya dipersiapkan dan ditentukan oleh pengurus partai di daerah yang secara hipotesis lebih mengetahui figur-figur calon pemimpin lokal (baik dari internal maupun eksternal partai). faktanya selalu sangat bergantung pada kendali dan keputusan pada DPP partai politik. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian mengenai problematika yang dihadapi partai politik ditingkat lokal dalam kerangka relasi hierarkis dengan institusi partai di tingkat pusat ditinjau dari perspektif politik (Political decentralization perspektif) yang mendefinisikan desentralisasi politik sebagai devolusi kekuasaan. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, data dihimpun secara kombinatif dari sumber-sumber pemberitaan di media massa dan fakta empirik yang dapat diamati

Policies to devolve responsibility for natural resource management to local bodies have become widespread in the past 20 years. Although the theoretical advantages of user management have been convincing and the impetus for devolution policies strong, the actual outcomes of devolution programs in various sectors and countries have been mixed. This paper summarizes key research findings on factors that contribute to effective devolution programs in the forestry, fisheries, irrigation, and rangelands sectors, which were presented and discussed at an international Policy Workshop on Property Rights, Collective Action and Devolution of Natural Resource Management, June 21-25, 1999, in Puerto Azul, the Philippines. We begin by addressing the language of devolution in an effort to clarify concepts and terminology that enable a more productive discussion of the issues. This is followed by some of the key arguments made by the workshop participants for devolving rights to resources to local users. Policies and factors that have the potential to strengthen or constrain devolution are addressed at a broad level before looking specifically at how property rights and collective action institutions can shape devolution outcomes. Whereas some factors cut across resource sectors and regions, others are more specific to their contexts. In all cases, proponents of devolution of rights to resource users struggle to understand better what elements facilitate collective action and what factors hinder its creation and sustainability. Finally, a set of recommended frameworks formulated by the workshop participants highlight the potential for fostering a devolution process that leads to the simultaneous improvement of natural resource management and the livelihoods of the poor. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Environment and Natural Resource Management; CAPRi ; EPTD