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This study analyses legal barriers to data sharing in the context of the Open Research Data Pilot, which the European Commission is running within its research framework programme Horizon2020. In the first part of the study, data protection issues are analysed. The main focus is on the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) and its implementation in selected EU Member States. Additionally, the upcoming General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679/EU) and relevant changes are described. Special focus is placed on leading data protection principles. Next, the study describes the use of research data in the Open Research Data Pilot and how data protection principles influence such use. The experiences of the European Commission in running the Open Research Data Pilot so far, as well as basic examples of repository use forms, are considered. The second part of the study analyses the extent to which legislation on public sector information (PSI) influences access to and re-use of research data. The PSI Directive (2003/98/EC) and the impact of its revision in 2013 (2013/37/EU) are described. There is a special focus on the application of PSI legislation to public libraries, including university and research libraries, and its practical implications. In the final part of the study the results are critically evaluated and core recommendations are made to improve the legal situation in relation to research data.

Introduction -- Putting PNR data into context privacy and personal data protection in the EU and in the US -- Right to privacy and right to protection of personal data under the ECHR and the chart -- Birth of PNR data and the EU - US PNR Agreement -- From theory to practice what is the added value of PNR Data? -- Evaluation of the EU - US PNR Agreement with the European and EU legal framework for privacy and personal data protection -- The border a crossroads for terrorists and criminals? -- Conclusion.

This book represents the major accomplishments of social scientists who have pioneered in data sharing, highlighting the advantages for social science. It includes an examination of the reasons for data sharing, the specific sharing practices in various disciplines, the factors affecting the usefulness of shared data and individual and institutional concerns about data sharing. It will be useful to academics across the social sciences

Establishing equitable terms for data sharing -- Exploring the ethical imperative for data sharing -- Enabling data discoverability, linkage, and re-use -- Next steps: maximizing the use of data to improve public health -- Appendix A: workshop agenda -- Appendix B: participants.