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Die Gründung eines Europäischen Auswärtigen Dienstes ist mit dem Scheitern des Europäischen Verfassungsvertrages an den Referenden in Frankreich und den Niederlanden 2005 nicht zum ersten Mal mißlungen. Bereits 1960 hat es in der Ära Walter Hallstein einen Versuch gegeben, die bestehenden Vertretungen der Hohen Behörde der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl (EGKS) zu europäischen Botschaften der drei Gemeinschaften (EWG, EAG und EGKS) weiterzuentwickeln. Gründe und Hintergründe für das damals vor allem aus Frankreich kommende "Nein" zu einer europäischen Diplomatie analysiert Claudia Dunlea auf der Basis neu erschlossener Quellen.

Modern diplomacy is currently experiencing fundamental changes at an unprecedented rate, which affect the very character of diplomacy as we know it. These changes also affect aspects of domestic and international politics that were once of no great concern to diplomacy. Technical develop­ments, mainly digitization, affect how the work of the diplomat is understood; the number of domestic and international actors whose activity implicates (or is a form of) diplomacy is increasing; the public is more sen­sitive to foreign policy issues and seeks to influence diplomacy through social media and other platforms; the way exchange between states, as well as the interchange between government and other domestic actors, pro­gresses is influencing diplomacy's ability to act legitimately and effectively; and finally, diplomats themselves do not necessarily need the same attri­butes as they previously did. These trends, reflecting general societal devel­opments, need to be absorbed by diplomacy as part of state governance. Ministries of Foreign Affairs, diplomats and governments in general should therefore be proactive in four areas: 1. Diplomats must understand the tension between individual needs and state requirements, and engage with that tension without detriment to the state. 2. Digitization must be employed in such a way that gains in efficiency are not at the expense of efficacy. 3. Forms of mediation should be developed that reconcile the interests of all sides allowing governments to operate as sovereign states, and yet simul­taneously use the influence and potential of other actors. 4. New and more open state activities need to be advanced that respond to the ways in which emotionalized publics who wish to participate in govern­ance express themselves. (author's abstract)

Résumé: Cet article ambitionne d'analyser la gastro-diplomatie, devenue une tendance dans les relations internationales, comme un ensemble de pratiques institutionnelles qui repousse les limites des usages politiques des cultures alimentaires. J'essaierai de montrer que l'essor actuel du concept tient à ce qu'il s'étend aux niveaux national et international, à sa nature intrusive et performative (c'est-à-dire, génératrice de participation et d'action) et à sa forte charge idéologique. Plus précisément, rendrai compte de la façon dont la gastro-diplomatie, telle qu'elle est instrumentalisée par des agences publiques et privées, participe de la fabrication des imaginaires pour faciliter l'adhésion des citoyens aux intérêts des élites politiques et économiques.Mots-clés: gastro-diplomatie, relations internationales, cuisine, gastronomie, nation branding***Gastrodiplomacy: a (Not-So-) Soft PowerAbstract: This article aims to analyze gastrodiplomacy, which has become a trend in international relations, as a set of institutional practices that pushes the boundaries of the political uses of food cultures. I will show that the rise of the concept in recent years lies to the fact that it extends to the national and international levels, its intrusive and performative nature (that is, generative of participation and action) and strong ideological charge. More specifically, I will address the way in which gastrodiplomacy, as instrumentalized by public and private agencies, participates in the making of imaginaries aimed at facilitating the adhesion of citizens to the interests of political and economic elites.Keywords: gastrodiplomacy, international relations, cuisine, gastronomy, nation branding