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Multi-level governance is now an established field of public policy research. In this context there is a need to introduce two new concepts: substantiation of public policy goals and multi- level coordination of public policy goals. In the study based on this assumption a qualitative approach is used. Usefulness of these two concepts was proved by participatory action policy research on one specific goal substantiated and coordinated within Europe 2020 Strategy in the policy area of poverty. In the course of the research (2012-2015) the author was a representative of the network of social NGOs in the governmental body responsible for implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy in Poland. The main action research tool was an attempt to modify the goal of poverty reduction decided by the government in 2011. In that process rich data was generated, analyzed, interpreted and used for subsequent actions. The effect of the research is a deep insight and understanding of multi-level governance process in a specific policy area and a proposal for two new concepts. Emerging new research areas were proposed and discussed.

Purpose: to propose the best option for development of Russian economy after crisis. Methodological framework is the concept of comparative analysis of economic systems. Results: The author provides a classification of various types of governmental economic policy, according to which the substance of alternative strategies of upcoming development of Russian economy is disclosed; the strategy of governmental regulation of Russian economy during its market transformation is critically assessed and the target for its future radical change is determined. Practical implications: formation and implementation of the governmental economic policy.

At the present time, the document contents of strategic planning for subjects of the Russian Federation, their order of development and endorsement at the interregional and federal levels, requirements for content and coordination with other long-term and medium-term territorial programs are legislative authorized. In the article, the theoretical and methodical problems of specification and interrelation of forecast scenario versions of region socio-economic development with expected parameters of regional energy consumption on the basis of fuel and energy balance in the conditions of incomplete retrospective information are considered. Such situation is typical in the market conditions, and some restrictions on access to the statistical data can be removed. It reduces the application of the strict formal valuation methods and objectivity not only expected, but also current indicators. Methodical and practical relevance of coordination of the specified documents is caused by the relative isolation of their development, various specification level of expected scenarios, lack of necessary information. The authors use the estimation procedure of indicators of energy saving and energy efficiency based on structural comparison of real, current, and expected fuel and energy balances coordinated with the forecast of region socio-economic development and are interested in its development for the comparative analysis of regional energy consumption in the retrospective and expected periods. The calculations are carried out by the authors since 2007 within the state order of the Ministry of Energy and Housing and Utilities Infrastructure of the Sverdlovsk region. In the article, the methodical features of the author's approaches to the option development of fuel and energy balance considering official scenarios of the forecast of region socio-economic development, fault and incompleteness of statistical data, standard requirements for the forecasts quality are reflected.

Studies into the management of a state's membership o f the European Union and the management of the European project are based on a belief in the disciplinary nature of the issue of coordination of European policy. The findings o f management studies, administration studies, political studies, law and European studies serve this purpose. Therefore, studies into the presence of the state in the European Union are to a large extent based on the issues related to the national coordination of European policy understood not only as a set of cause and-effect relations developed in the course o f political negotiation, but also as an emerging subsystem of political decision-making. The system of European policy coordination in Poland performs its tasks efficiently, nevertheless the cooperation between the MPs, MEPs, Polish government and Polish administration officials needs to be strengthened in the future. As concerns the cooperation between the Sejm and Senate (the lower and upper chambers o f the Polish parliament) it should be emphasized that the government and both chambers are supposed to complement and support one another in matters of European policy. The policy conducted by the state should be founded on cooperation, consensus and trust. ; Dotychczasowe badania nad zarządzaniem członkostwem państwa w Unii Europejskiej, zarządzaniem projektem europejskim, bazują na przekonaniu o interdyscyplinarności zagadnienia koordynacji polityki europejskiej. Swoim dorobkiem służą na tym gruncie nauka o zarządzaniu, nauka o administracji, politologia, nauka prawa i europeistyka. Stąd studia nad zarządzaniem obecnością państwa w Unii Europejskiej w dużej mierze opierają się na zagadnieniach związanych z krajową koordynacją polityki europejskiej rozumianą nie tylko jako zespół działań przyczynowo-skutkowych powstałych w toku prowadzonych negocjacji politycznych, lecz również jako wyodrębniający się podsystem decydowania politycznego. Polski system koordynacji polityki europejskiej sprawnie wykonuje swoje zadania, jednak w przyszłości należy wzmocnić współpracę między posłami polskiego Parlamentu, posłami Parlamentu Europejskiego, rządem RP oraz urzędnikami polskiej administracji. Jeśli chodzi o współpracę między rządem a Sejmem i Senatem można podkreślić, że rząd i obie izby parlamentu powinny wzajemnie się uzupełniać i wspierać w polityce europejskiej. Prowadzona w efekcie polityka powinna być oparta na kooperacji, konsensusie i zaufaniu.

We strive to show the direction of the Georgian foreign policy, which is fully oriented towards European integration and economic development. The focus of Georgia's foreign policy is shifting to the EU region. European integration into the economic and political space is the main direction of Georgia's development. Today, integration processes between Georgia and the European Union are going on in such areas as economy, politics, and security. The undoubted political significance of rapprochement with the EU is connected, first of all, with Georgia's concern for security. Development in a peaceful and stable environment is not only the national interest of Georgia, but also the priority of the entire civilized world. In this regard, the coincidence of interests of Georgia and the Western world is obvious. Georgia's cooperation with the European Union began in the 1990s. The first official agreement signed in 1992 with the EU and regulating the priority areas of cooperation was the 1999 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Georgia adopted the European Neighborhood Policy Action Plan in 2006, the Eastern Partnership Communiqué was signed in 2008 and the Mobility Partnership Joint Declaration was signed in 2009. The Association Agreement signed in 2014 is an important milestone for Georgia on the path to EU integration. The agreement is basically an action plan for the modernization of the country, it provides for the strengthening of democratic institutions and the promotion of economic growth.

The economic policy of Polish governments changed but can be broadly divided into two groups. The first encompassed periods when Polish policy belonged to awidelydefined world mainstream. The second –those when Polish governments attempted alternatives tothe mainstream, looking for various ways of "taking ashortcut". In general, the first group helped economic development, the second hindered it, isolating the country from the world economy. The first group included the entire interwar period, when autarchic tendencies were mainstream, as well as the years 1944–1947 and 1989–2015. ; Polityka gospodarcza rządu polskiego przechodziła różne fazy, które jednak generalnie można podzielić nadwie grupy. Do pierwszej należały te, kiedy polityka polska mieściła się wgłównym nurcie przemian światowych. Do drugiej te, kiedy władze polskie stawiały naalternatywne wobec mainstreamu rozwiązania, ulegając pokusie "pójścia naskróty". Generalnie można powiedzieć, że pierwsze przyczyniały się do rozwoju kraju, adrugie sprowadzały jego rozwój namanowce, izolując od gospodarki światowej. Do pierwszej grupy można zaliczyć cały okres międzywojenny, łącznie zlatami 30., kiedy totendencje autarkiczne były właśnie mainstreamowe, lata 1944–1947 ilata 1989–2015.

В статье рассматривается курс Китая на Ближнем Востоке с целью определения роли и места Китайской Народной республики в контексте региональных отношений. Помимо экономических, преимущественно энергетических интересов, традиционно имевших для КНР первостепенное значение, сегодня Китай более активно продвигает и политическую повестку дня. В статье рассмотрены наиболее масштабные китайские инициативы для ближневосточного региона в области экономики и безопасности, проанализирована зарождающаяся китайская концептуализация ближневосточной политики. Последняя в настоящий момент носит максимально обобщенный характер, однако сам факт создания китайской стороной документов такого содержания представляется свидетельством намечающихся сдвигов в сторону более явной активности КНР в регионе. В ходе работы были проанализированы официальные документы и заявления, статистические данные и аналитические доклады, подготовленные коллективами авторов различных научно-исследовательских центров. Автор стремится к наиболее объективному анализу проводимого КНР политического курса, однако выстраивает аргументацию преимущественно в русле реалисткой теории международных отношений. В результате исследования выявлена тенденция к активизации китайской ближневосточной политики, а также вероятное намерение Китая закрепиться в регионе в качестве влиятельного внерегионального игрока.

The article considers the issues of development of national accounting at the regional level. Pertinence of this topic is associated with the use of regional macroeconomic indicators for management of economy carried out by government bodies. The article reviews some aspects of the theory for calculating gross regional product (GRP), which public authorities use to monitor the level and dynamics of regional economy for decision-making on measures to stimulate economic processes; on optimization of taxation and the system of regional transfers, as well as to equalize regional development and standards of living.The author analyses methodology for GRP calculation developed by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) with the emphasis on the most important provisions and information issues, which have impact on accuracy and analytical usefulness of regional macroeconomic indicators.Significant attention is paid to major improvement directions of the GRP computation methodology, including implementation of new treatment of important transactions recommended in the 2008 SNA. Among such directions the author mentions harmonization of GRP and GDP calculation methodology, improvement of information sources and methods of their processing; development of interaction between central and regional statistical agencies. ; Статья посвящена вопросам развития национального счетоводства на региональном уровне. Актуальность темы обусловлена необходимостью использования региональных макропоказателей для целей государственного управления. В статье рассматриваются некоторые вопросы теории исчисления валового регионального продукта (ВРП), на основе которого органы государственного управления отслеживают уровень и динамику экономики регионов для принятия решений, например о мерах по стимулированию экономических процессов, для оптимизации налогообложения и системы региональных трансфертов, для выравнивания уровней экономического развития и уровня жизни.Автор анализирует методику исчисления ВРП, разработанную Федеральной службой государственной статистики, выделяя наиболее важные методологические и информационные проблемы его исчисления, влияющие на надежность и аналитическую ценность региональных макропоказателей.Значительное внимание уделено рассмотрению направлений совершенствования методологии исчисления ВРП, включая применение новой трактовки ряда экономических операций в СНС 2008. Среди таких направлений отмечается гармонизация методологии исчисления ВРП и ВВП, улучшение источников первичных данных и методов их обработки, углубление взаимодействия между центральными и региональными статистическими ведомствами.

NEP 100 years ago and today: how should we understand it? Here the editors publish the materials of a discussion on the significance of the New Economic Policy for the development of Russia in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also for the work of devising a strategy for the development of modern capitalism as a whole. The discussion took place in a round-table format, and was organised by the editorial board of the journal Questions of Political Economy together with the Department of Political Economy and the Laboratory of Comparative Research on Socio-Economic Systems of the Faculty of Economics at the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. The round table session was held on 3 May 2021 in online format. The following questions were put forward for consideration: Who came up with the concept of NEP – Lenin, Bukharin, Trotsky or Martov? What was the essence of NEP – the mixed economy, taxation, or the chervonets? What was NEP - a retreat, a model of the "integral society", or a highway to socialism? Could NEP have continued for longer, and why was it overturned? Does Russia need a NEP today? Over the past three decades, research into the dynamics of the commercialisation of the Russian economy has made it possible to reveal four periods in the development of this process: a period of accelerated commercialisation, a period of hypercommercialisation, an incipient period of de-commercialisation, and an anticipated period of post-commercialisation. The article analyses the peculiar features and most characteristic phenomena of each of these periods, formulating the main trends of economic policy, trends aimed at overcoming a lack of balance in the relationship between the commercial and non-commercial sectors of the economy. The contours are noted of tendencies in economic theory that break out of the confines of the modern mainstream, and that are oriented toward making quantitative measurements in the field of non-commercial goods. Underlying these tendencies is an effective synthesis of culturology and ...

The article deals with the economic policy in respect of the territorial entity of the Russian Federationand municipal units (economics of administrative territory). Public and municipal governing bodies are theobject of discussion. The research topic is the activity of public and municipal bodies on the development andrealization of the economic policy of an administrative territory. The authors define the mechanism of settingthe state economic policy (its transformation) to the economic policy of regions and municipal units accordingto their life conditions.It is proposed to consider the public and municipal economic policy in regard to the administrative territoryas a combination of economic policies of the federal center, the territorial entity of the Russian Federationand the local government. The competitive development of the administrative territory in whole becomesthe core objective of these policies within the framework of the optimal country development. This approachwill demand supplementary parameters of the life activity of the administrative territory and the method ofevaluation of its economic policy results. ; В статье рассматривается экономическая политика в отношении экономики субъекта РоссийскойФедерации и муниципального образования (экономики административной территории). Объектом об-суждения выступают государственные и муниципальные органы управления. Предметом исследованияявляется деятельность государственных и муниципальных органов по разработке и осуществлениюэкономической административной территории. Цель работы – определить механизм переложения об-щегосударственной экономической политики, ее трансформации в экономические политики регионов имуниципальных образований, исходя из их конкретных условий жизнедеятельности.Предлагается рассматривать государственную и муниципальную экономическую политику в от-ношении административной территории как совокупность экономических политик федерального цен-тра, субъекта РФ и местного самоуправления. Конкурентное развитие в целом административной тер-ритории становится базовой целью этих политик в рамках оптимального развития страны. Такой под-ход потребует дополнительных параметров жизнедеятельности административной территории и мето-дики оценки результатов ее экономической политики.

Me-economy and we-economy are models (trends, streams) in the global economy development. In the me-economy model the core of interest is a consumer (user, client, prosumer, etc.) and the customisation in meeting customers' needs. Contrary to me-economy, we-economy stands for reciprocity economy, co-production of products and/or services by the users and clients, supported by neighbourly relations and co-operation, the principles of wikinomics and prosumption. The above-mentioned trend combines the features of different systems and economic streams, i.e. the market economy with the traditional economy and the centrally controlled economic system, as well as the laissez-faire approach with libertarianism and liberalism. Due to the limited role of the state in functioning of this trend and the lack of suitable legal regulations and economic tools which would determine the development of we-economy, it is often perceived as a threat to social and economic security, and not as a direction of development stimulating the activities of various entities.

The article discusses issues related to the effectiveness of strategic planning for the development of small citiesand municipal district centers on the base of the network coordination mechanism. The relevance of the topic is related to the insufficient effectiveness of existing approaches to municipal development planning, and the need to search for new solutions in this area. The authors briefly describe the new institutional economic theory approach in defining the network coordination mechanism, as well as the concept of the "network city". It is shown that the network coordination mechanism creates a basis for cooperation of small citiesin several directions, including infrastructure development, exchange of best management practices, labor resources and competencies, joint projects implementation. It is concluded that network cooperation of small citiescan contribute to increasing the effectiveness of strategic planning through the exchange of experience, alignment of interests and priorities of joint development. The obtained results can be used in the development of strategic planning documents for small cities and municipal district centers in Russia.

Aus sowjetischer Sicht

Ключевые слова: группы интересов; Европейский союз; инструменты промышленной политики; лоббизм; международная интеграция; механизм согласования интересов; общая промышленная политика; согласование интересов. = Keywords: coordination of interests; European Union; industrial policy instruments; integrated industrial policy; interest groups; international integration; lobbying; mechanism for coordination of interests. ; В статье проводится исследование особенностей развития механизма согласования интересов субъектов промышленной политики, выработанного в ходе формирования общей экономической политики Европейского союза (ЕС). Выявлено четыре уровня согласования: корпоративный уровень (интересы национальных и международных субъектов хозяйствования); национальный уровень (текущие интересы национальных правительств стран-участниц); институциональный уровень (позиции управляющих институтов самого ЕС как интеграционного формирования); наднациональный уровень (общие интересы во внешней политике стран-участниц). Проведенный анализ показал, что эффективность процесса формирования и функционирования общей промышленной политики интеграционного объединения во многом зависит от эффективности механизма согласования интересов ее субъектов и возможности обеспечить их динамичный баланс. ; The article studies peculiarities of development of the mechanism for coordination of interests of the industrial policy entities elaborated within the course of formation of the EU integrated economic policy. 4 levels of coordination are distinguished: corporate level (involving national and international entities); national level (the current interests of the national governments of participating countries); institutional level (positions of the EU governing institutions as the integration formation); supranational level (common interests in the foreign policy of participating countries). The analysis shows that the effi ciency of formation and functioning of the EU integrated industrial policy highly depends on the effectiveness of the mechanism for coordination of interests of its entities and the opportunity to provide their dynamic balance.

The economic policy pursued in the Russian Federation since the early 1990s primarily aimed atstabilising the macroeconomic situation of the national economy through monetary and budgetary policies.This task was complicated by the changed realities in the global market conditions. The developmentand adoption by Russia of a number of concepts of the state industrial policy and specialised legislativeacts failed to prevent a critical drop in industrial production, and not only because of the lack offinancial security. The complexities of industrial development are largely explained by the domesticinvestment mechanism, which emerged during the reforms and aimed atmaximizing profits, and thusbecame subject to the monetary and financial flows concentrated in the speculative-intermediarysphere, regulated by the laws of monetarism and causing a decline in investment and innovationin thereal sector of the economy. Russia's adoption of a national and economic security strategy poses newchallenges in terms of increasing the potential of industry and, above all, its high-tech sector. ; Проводимая в Российской Федерации с начала 1990-х годов экономическая политика быланацелена преимущественно на стабилизацию макроэкономического положения национальнойэкономики за счет проведения денежно-кредитной и бюджетной политики. Данная задача услож-нялась изменившимися реалиями в условиях глобального рынка. Разработка и принятие Россиейцелого ряда концепций государственной промышленной политики и специализированных законо-дательных актов не смогли предотвратить критическое падение промышленного производства нетолько в силу отсутствия финансового обеспечения. Сложности промышленного развития во мно-гом обусловлены сформировавшимся в период реформ отечественным механизмом инвестирова-ния, который в качестве главной цели ставил максимизацию прибыли, тем самым оказался в под-чинении денежно-финансовых потоков, сконцентрированных в спекулятивно-посредническойсфере, отрегулированных по законам монетаризма и обусловивших спад инвестиций и инновацийв реальном секторе экономики. Принятие Россией стратегии национальной и экономической безо-пасности ставит новые задачи в части повышения потенциала промышленности и, прежде всего,ее высокотехнологичного сектора.