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Kazakhstan has the potential to become an economic leader in Central Asia. Relying on oil and gas alone, however, will not produce the long-run level of growth needed to meet this potential. Reforms geared to improve the business climate, enhance competitiveness, and increase private sector participation are essential. This book examines reforms to accelerate economic diversification in the country. This involves not only modernizing and using public resources in agriculture more efficiently to increase productivity, but also transitioning of manufacturing toward high-potential exports to help the country's industrial development and create employment opportunities. Upgrading innovation of oilfield services and improving transport and logistics are important to increase participation in the global value chains.

2.3 Empirical Evidence Education and Health ExpenditureII Exploring the Links Between Public Expenditure andNon-Oil Economic Growth in Bahrain, Oman and Qatar; 3 The Impact of Public Expenditure on Non-Oil GDP andon Labour Productivity: An Econometric Analysis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Current Status of Research; 3.3 Data; 3.4 Econometric Methodology; 3.5 Empirical Results; 3.6 Conclusion; 4 Bahrain: Non-Oil Development Efforts in a Semi-Rich OilRentier Economy; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Public Expenditure; 4.3 Non-Oil GDP; 4.4 Labour Productivity

Cover; Contents; Abstract; I. Motivation; II. Literature Review; III. Empirical Strategy; IV. Results: Gender Inequality Impedes Diversification; V. Conclusions; REFERENCES; TABLES; Table 1. Explaining Export Diversification; Table 2. Explaining Output Diversification; Table 3. Explaining Export Diversification -- Dimensions of Gender Inequality; Table 4. Explaining Output Diversification -- Dimensions of Gender Inequality; Table 5. Explaining Diversification -- Instrumental Variable GMM; FIGURES; Figure 1. Export Product Diversification and Output Growth, 1962-2010