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Since 1978 China has undergone a series of radical economic reforms which officially constitute a logical step in the 'initial stage of socialism', and imply a transition from central planning to a mixed economy. In fact the transition taking place is from a soviet type of state capitalism towards private capitalism. (Abstract amended)

Based on conference paper. Partial contents: Decollectivization in agriculture; External economic relations; Economic reform in industry; Implications for the West.

The author argues that in fact the transition taking place is from a Soviet type of state capitalism towards private capitalism. The rural reforms involve the restoration of pre-revolutionary production relations, while the urban reforms introduce new capitalists drawn from the ranks of the state administration, to the detriment of the poor and unskilled. There has been a retreat from Marxism as the official ideology. (DSE)

Transitions from socialism to capitalism are complex, both in theory and practice. Russian Economic Reform enables the reader to come to a much better understanding of these momentous changes, by providing a clear and accessible account of the major features of transition. It argues that attempts to portray the reform process is a disaster are misconceived, because they fail to take account of just how badly the pre-reform economy was doing. Many of the problems that are emerging now have their antecedents in the earlier economic system.

Miller reviews 'The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform' (A Friedman Lecture Fund Monograph), by Justin Yifu Lin, Fang Cai, and Zhou Li.

AbstractThis paper briefly discusses the economic reforms that have taken place in Jamaica for the past 15 years and argues that the reforms, at least so far, are mixed, particularly with regard to the elimination of poverty. The basic problems are (1) a slow response of exports to large, frequent adjustments in the exchange rate, which prohibits low-wage labor, in the informal sector, from being absorbed into the formal sector; and (2) the large budget deficit, with the associated demands for large cuts in expenditures, which primarily affects the rural poor. It is suggested that the principal reason that reforms have been slow is because of the political price to be paid for unpopular measures in a competitive democracy

Transitions from socialism to capitalism are complex, both in theory and practice. Russian Economic Reform enables the reader to come to a much better understanding of these momentous changes, by providing a clear and accessible account of the major features of transition. It argues that attempts to portray the reform process is a disaster are misconceived, because they fail to take account of just how badly the pre-reform economy was doing. Many of the problems that are emerging now have their antecedents in the earlier economic system.

The author, President of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, explores the major features of the economic reform in China over the past decade, difficulties that have impeded the reform and the importance of the "regulation and revitalization" strategy in the economy. He points out that the role of planning in the regulation of major productive forces will be growing in importance in China. (DÜI-Sen)

'China's Economic Reform' by Shangquan Gao is reviewed.

The author examines president Menem's economic reforms, his stand on the unions, the weakness of the Radical Party, his prudence with the armed forces, and the attempts to build a closer relationship with the USA. Serious problems created by the social conditions during Menem's first year as a president are briefly discussed

Rural and urban reforms since 1978. Whether urban reforms, which draws new capitalists from the ranks of state administration, compromise the legitimacy of the communist regime.