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This work examines the current state of Russian education on the basis of data of the researches which were carried out in recent years in our educational institutions. The main attention is focused on an explanation of existing distinctions and identification of the factors influencing the training results rather than on ranging educational institutions by level of pupil preparation. Similar researches make it possible to reveal strong sides and weaknesses of Russian education and to trace a course of actions for more effective achievement of the scheduled purposes.

The education and housing of ethnic minorities in the United States.
Nathan GLAZER
Busing was proposed as a solution to the existence of segregated schools in the United States. The goal was to eliminate the difference between black and white schools by having children attend public-schools nearest to where they lived in order to overcorne the demeaning distinction of race in law and assist the segregating schools to improve their program.
The solution was apparently simple, but it did not happen because of political resistance.
The problem of school integration by way of residential integration seems as difficult to realize as busing.

tj ; 3Cet article analyse le processus de convergence éducative en France et en Italie, au niveau régional, sur le long XIX e siècle, lorsque les deux systèmes éducatifs répondaient d'une organisation décentralisée. Une nouvelle base de donnée harmonisée sur l'éducation primaire est présentée. Elle inclut des estimations des ratios bruts de scolarisation primaire, des dépenses municipales par enfant en âge scolaire et des aides publiques des départements français et des provinces italiennes. L'analyse montre qu'une convergence éducative, au niveau régional, est apparue bien avant le passage à une organisation centralisée des systèmes éducatifs dans les deux pays. Toutefois, le rythme de la convergence régionale s'est accéléré durant cette transition, et l'ampleur des investissements et aides de l'État a constitué un facteur d'importance pour la convergence régionale. Bien que de plus amples développement soient requis – incluant notamment des facteurs rattachés à la demande d'éducation – les résultats suggèrent, qu'au-delà de la simple réponse du marché et des caractéristiques de la demande éducative, les institutions et la politique publique ont constitué plutôt des « mains visibles », qui jouèrent un rôle important pour le développement de l'éducation dans les régions d'Europe du sud-ouest.

Résumé Depuis les années 1960 et les réformes de Lyndon B. Johnson, les présidents ont tous tenté d'utiliser leur capital politique en modifiant les systèmes d'éducation aux États-Unis. Pourtant, aucun de ces efforts n'a atteint ses objectifs. Les ambitions de Goal 2000 ou du No Child Left Behind se sont avérées irréalistes. Au vu des contraintes budgétaires au niveau fédéral, il y a fort à parier que l'essentiel du financement va demeurer le domaine des autorités locales, elles-mêmes prises au piège d'une crise budgétaire extrêmement sévère. L'ambition réformatrice se cantonne alors largement à uniformiser les critères existants mais à coût constant. Il demeure pour l'instant difficile de savoir si Barack Obama va réussir à développer une politique fédérale de l'éducation.

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the basis for youth education concepts of political, patriotic and civic education. Today, the problem of integrating the educational component into the system of state policy in the field of higher education and state youth policy is of high relevance, that's why the problem of youth education are widely presented in scientific discourse. The most political science studies are devoted to patriotic education and less to civic education. As a result, Russian social and humanitarian scholars examine exclusively the theoretical, methodological and instrumental foundations of these areas of educational activity. At the same time, the political education is poorly studied both at the conceptual and methodological levels, which is associated with the reduction of the political component in educational processes for a long time.

Résumé Cet article étudie dans quelles conditions les règles législatives concernant la protection des minorités peuvent être révoquées dans les dix nouveaux États membres de l'Union européenne d'Europe centrale et orientale. Il analyse en particulier tous les cas où des rassemblements politiques ont appuyé l'introduction d'une législation restrictive dans le domaine de la protection des minorités, depuis le début des négociations d'adhésion. Une combinaison de critères s'avère suffisante pour un changement de ce type : une position nettement négative du gouvernement envers les minorités, une place importante accordée aux questions des garanties législatives aux minorités (qui se manifeste par la taille des minorités et leur mobilisation politique, en combinaison avec un fort soutien électoral aux partis nationalistes), et un haut niveau de protection. Dans ces conditions, une législation restrictive est adoptée, malgré la conditionnalité européenne et même en présence d'acteurs disposant d'un droit de veto, qui se contentent alors au mieux de retarder et modérer le résultat. Afin d'illustrer ce type de rassemblement, l'article présente trois cas d'étude : la législation slovaque sur les droits linguistiques (1994-1998 et 2006-2010), et la législation lettone dans le domaine de l'éducation (1997-2004) et dans le domaine linguistique (1997-2000).

The article deals with the main directions of cooperation in the sphere of education within the framework of the Union State. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it formulates and introduces the authors' research position, clearly outlines the boundaries separating the processes which take place within the Union State, and traces the development of the Russian-Belarusian interaction. In the context of this concept the authors identify and formulate the main stages of development of these processes and systematize the main trends of formation of the normative-legal base of the common educational space and measures for its practical implementation. They examine the interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus within the Union State framework in the general context of the Union State building. The following stages are outlined: the preliminary stage from 1995 through 1999 included the maintenance of equal rights of citizens at the level of interstate relations and in the beginning of the Union State building; the second stage from 1999 through 2012 provided the normative-legal base of the educational space of the Union State and implementation of the existing norms; the third stage from 2012 through 2018 was characterized by gradual growth of attention of the governing bodies of the Union State to the problems of humanitarian cooperation, adaptation of the normative-legal acts to the actual changes in the sphere of education of the two countries; the fourth stage from 2018 until now is regarded as a high time for formation of a single space of education of the Union State for further development of integration. The article categorizes and characterizes the actions taken by the bodies of the Union State, educational institutions and professional circles in order to develop cooperation in the field of education. The study identifies the role of diaspora public organizations in the processes under consideration. The authors conclude about the special role of educational and scientific organizations, professional associations and civil society institutions of the two countries in the development of a unified educational space.

В статье рассмотрена актуальность цифровой трансформации этнокультурного образования в современных условиях развития общества. Проведен анализ востребованности электронных образовательных ресурсов этнокультурной направленности, а также выделен ряд возможных затруднений по их использованию педагогами: «разбросанность» информации в глобальной сети, отсутствие систематизированных источников; неосведомленность о существовании тех или иных информационных источников этнокультурной направленности; отсутствие навыков поиска необходимой информации этнокультурного характера и др. Предложен способ решения возникшей проблемы с использованием информационно-образовательного консалтинга как одного из молодых и перспективных направлений в данной области, который представляет собой специализированный процесс предоставления услуг субъектам образовательного процесса, с использованием цифровых технологий, направленный на удовлетворение их информационных потребностей и запросов. С целью выявления значимости информационно-образовательного консалтинга в этнокультурном образовании нами был проведен опрос среди студентов и профессорско-преподавательского состава ФГБОУ ВО «Марийский государственный университет» (г. Йошкар-Ола, Россия). Анализ полученных результатов показал, что среди педагогов имеет место потребность в использовании этноориентированных электронных ресурсов сети интернет, а также заинтересованность в использовании услуг информационно-образовательного консалтинга, как источника знаний о внедрении данных ресурсов в систему этнокультурного образования.
The article deals with the changes in ethnocultural education due to its digital transformation. The authors analyze the demand for electronic resources of ethnocultural orientation, and reveal some reasons for possible difficulties in their use: "scattered" information in the global network, lack of systematized sources; unawareness of the existence of certain information sources of ethnocultural orientation; lack of skills to find necessary information of ethnocultural nature, etc. The authors also propose the method for solving the arisen problem using information and educational consulting as a new and promising direction in this field, which is a specialized process of providing services to participants of the educational process, using digital technologies and aimed at satisfying their information needs. In order to identify the importance of information and educational consulting in ethnocultural education, the authors conducted a survey among the students and teaching staff of the Mari State University (Yoshkar-Ola, Russia). Having analyzed the obtained results, they came to the conclusion that among the teachers there is a need to use electronic resources of the Internet, and that they are interested in using the services of information and educational consulting as a source of knowledge about the implementation of these resources in the system of ethnocultural education.

The concept of permanent revolution was formulated in the XIX century became a subject of constant debate in humanities circle. In contrast-scientific and technological revolutions are natural components at all steps of human development. Their permanence is commonly recognized imperative, followed by numerous confirmations with a convincing inevitability. Information and industrial revolutions taking place now in the world are such evidences. Experts declare today the fourth industrial revolution. Peter Drucker fairly predicted the fourth information revolution. It is interesting that the most important trait of both revolutions is the artificial intelligence which functions in the sphere of Big Data and Internet of Things. The application field (not the only) is the economy-its structure and content. Experts state the emergence of information capitalism and the information economy — innovations obtaining special and revolutional traits. The article is devoted to analysis of main components of the innovations and offers the ways how they should be reflected in the curriculum for modern economists and managers.

Examines the educational reform undertaken by the Tunisian government since 1991; focuses on restructuring of religious education, civics, and revision of history textbooks.

Герой прозы Довлатова находится в постоянном онтологическом «зависании в парадоксе» между частями множества оппозиций личностного свойства. В настоящей работе рассматривается его промежуточное положение между статусами эрудированного и мыслящего человека и человека малообразованного. Материалом исследования послужили проявления сознательного приема, состоящего в введении автором в его тексты, вне зависимости от периодов и жанров творчества, вольных или невольных погрешностей против фактов действительности с целью повышения интеллектуального и духовного статуса героя в восприятии читателя. В исследовании применялись структурно-описательный, описательно-функциональный и интерпретационный методы. Задачей работы были группировка и классификация многочисленных примеров недостоверных и ошибочных сообщений из текстов С. Довлатова, еще не ставших предметом внимания в довлатоведении. В ходе работы были сделаны выводы о сознательном формировании автором завышенного представления о герое его прозы как о личности глубоко мыслящего и широко образованного человека, которое далеко не всегда соответствует действительности.
The character of Dovlatov's prose is in constant ontological "hanging in a paradox" between parts of a multitude of personal oppositions. This paper considers his intermediate position between the status of an erudite and thinking person and a poorly educated person. The material of the study was the manifestation of a conscious method, which consists in the introduction by the author into his texts, regardless of the periods and genres of creativity, voluntary or involuntary errors against the facts of reality in order to increase the intellectual and spiritual status of the character in the perception of the reader. The study used structural-descriptive, descriptive-functional and interpretive methods. The task of the work was to group and classify numerous examples of unreliable and erroneous messages from the texts of S. Dovlatov, which have not yet become the subject of attention in Dovlatov studies. In the course of the work, the conclusions were drawn about the conscious formation by the author of an overestimated idea of the character in his prose as a person of a deeply thinking and broadly educated person, which does not always correspond to reality.

В статье приведены результаты критического анализа источников и литературы по цифровизации и ее влиянию на трансформацию обучения в высших учебных заведениях. Рассмотрены барьеры цифровой трансформации в вузах и основные положения теории онлайн-обучения (OCL), предприняты попытки определить преимущества и недостатки цифровизации образования, рассмотреть произошедшие изменения в выборе способов обучения и преподавания в период пандемии COVID-19, описать и проанализировать различные способы образования и обучения. Результаты аналитического обзора показали, что преподавательские практики все время адаптируются, совершенствуются и развиваются с учетом постоянно преобразующейся социально-экономической среды. Признается важность адаптации к меняющейся среде обучения и преподавания, которую нельзя считать статичной. В ходе исследования была отмечена важность участия преподавателей и студентов в реализации цифровизации в процессе обучения и в педагогической практике. В статье также приводится несколько критических показателей успеха для внедрения OCL. В работе обозначены некоторые из наиболее сложных проблем и препятствий, связанных с цифровизацией практики обучения и преподавания в высших учебных заведениях.
The article presents the results of a critical analysis of the sources on digitalization and its impact on the transformation of education in higher education institutions; examines the barriers of digital transformation in higher education institutions and the main provisions of the theory of online collaborative learning (OCL); makes attempts to determine the advantages and disadvantages of digitalization of education, to consider the changes that have occurred in the choice of ways of learning and teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic, to describe and analyze the different ways of education and training. The results of the analytical review showed that teaching practices are constantly adapting, improving and developing considering the constantly transforming socio-economic environment. The article recognizes the importance of adapting to an ever-changing learning and teaching environment that cannot be considered static. In the course of the study, the importance of the participation of teachers and students in the implementation of digitalization in the learning process and in pedagogical practice was noted. This article also provides several critical success metrics for OCL implementation. The article identifies some of the most difficult problems and obstacles associated with the digitalization of the practice of learning and teaching in higher education institutions.