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In dem Aufsatz wird überdeutlich, daß die Schätzungen der für die NATO-Osterweiterung erforderlichen Kosten eine riesige Spannweite aufweisen. Beim US-Kongreß reicht sie von 60 bis zu 110 Milliarden Dollar, bei der RAND-Corporation von 10 bis zu 110 Milliarden. Demgegenüber kommt eine Gruppe polnischer Analytiker zu erheblich geringeren Zahlen, und es scheint, daß auch das Pentagon wesentlich geringere Schätzungeneinsetzt. Die europäischen Allianz-Mitglieder legen bisher überhaupt keine Kostenschätzungen vor. Offen bleibt auch die Frage, welchen Kostenanteil die NATO-Mitglieder einerseits und die Beitrittskandidaten andererseits übernehmen sollten. Nach Ansicht des Autors wird die militärische Integration ein langwieriger Prozess sein, wobei die neuen Mitliedsstaaten verpflichtet wären, einen erheblichen Teil der Finanzlasten selbst zu übernehmen. (BIOst-Hrs)

The aim of this article is to explain educational reproduction in the Czech Lands between 1906 and 2003 from the perspective of educational mobility. Mobility trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational status identified in an analysis are presented in the context of findings on odds ratios in education and in a historical context. The analysis is based on observations of the intergenerational transmission of educational status, i.e. educational mobility, in two educational transitions between three educational levels (lower secondary, upper secondary, and higher education). Mobility tables and their log-linear analysis are used to help explain what mobility processes shape the educational inequalities that have proved stable over the long term and also odds ratios between the main levels of education. The article helps fill in the gap in knowledge about the long-term development of the educational structure in the historical Czech Lands and Czechoslovakia and provides information about typical mobility trajectories and varying mobility patterns in periods before 1948, between 1948 and 1989, and after 1989. An understanding of these structural contexts helps clarify what occurred in the past and what is occurring now in the area of unequal access to education and to explain one of the main findings from the analysis – that in Czech society the transmission of a family's educational status from one generation to the next continuously follows the same patterns.

The current article introduces the issue of race and racism in the United States of America with focus on two specific contemporary concepts that have a big attention and have formed the discussion in the last years. The first one is laissez-faire racism from Lawrence D. Bobo who stresses the reluctance of government and political parties to engage in racial questions. The second one is concept of white privilege of Peggy McIntosh who points at advantages and privileges of white race. Both concepts attempt to raise awareness about still present racial discrimination in the United States of America, although in the last years this topic has begun to be perceived as clichet and for some the problem is considered to be solved.