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Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české: tematická řada, sv. 5, Stát
In: Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české: tematická řada sv. 5
VLIV FISKALNI POLITIKY NA EKONOMICKY RUST V ZEMICH OECD
In: Politická ekonomie: teorie, modelování, aplikace, Volume 63, Issue 3
ISSN: 0032-3233
The aim of the paper is to find out what is the effect of different types of government spending and taxes on economic growth in developed economies. The analysis is performed on a sample of 27 OECD countries in the period 1997-2011. It is based on the neoclassic growth model extended with the level of human capital and fiscal variables. Those include particular types of government spending (according to the COFOG classification) and taxes (according to the OECD classification), and state budget deficit. From a methodological point of view, panel data estimation is used. We support the view that only some types of government spending are growth-enhancing, and only if they are financed through indirect taxes. However, the results show that only expenditure on defense, education and health, and general public services may be labeled as productive. In addition, we show that direct taxes, especially corporate taxes, negatively affect the growth, also in case they are used to finance productive spending. Adapted from the source document.
MERENI VYSTUPU VZDELAVACICH SLUZEB
In: Politická ekonomie: teorie, modelování, aplikace, Volume 63, Issue 2
ISSN: 0032-3233
This paper deals with the topic of measurement of education services. The main part of output of education services is considered to be non-market in the Czech Republic and it is estimated a sum of related costs. Deflation has been traditionally done using input method i.e. recalculation of each component separately. The main drawback of this method is an assumption of direct correlation between changes in inputs and changes in output. Productivity can not be estimated therefore output methods based on direct volume measurement are now preferred for individual services. Methodology of direct volume measurement of education services has been developed in the paper. This approach is based on number of students in detailed breakdown weighted by costs in order to include changes in the structure of fields of study. Estimates are available since 2004 as data sources are available. Besides estimates of development of non-market output development of all education services is estimated. Adapted from the source document.
NEKONZISTENTNOST CASOVYCH PREFERENCII LUDI Z MARGINALIZOVANYCH ROMSKYCH KOMUNIT
In: Politická ekonomie: teorie, modelování, aplikace, Volume 63, Issue 2, p. 204-222
ISSN: 0032-3233
The Roma minority is one of the most vulnerable social groups in Slovakia, they are affected by poverty and social exclusion. Most of the marginalized Roma face low education level, long-term unemployment and very low Incomes (they are mostly dependent on the social benefits). In this paper we focus on time preference rates of the marginalised poor Roma. The measurement of time discounting and present-biased preferences is based on standard methodology where the respondents are asked to choose between receiving smaller amounts earlier at the time of interviewing or larger amounts with three months delay. The same choices are asked at a future time frame (smaller amounts in six months and larger amounts in nine months). In order to control for potential confounds due to lower credibility the 'front end delay' method is introduced. According to the results there are almost 48 percent of people with time-inconsistent preferences (27 % have present-biased and 21 % future-biased preferences). Men and people with higher level of education are more likely to have consistent preferences than women and people with lower level of education. Adapted from the source document.
European civilisation and the world between conflicts, cooperation and dialogue
In: Historie, otázky, problémy 8,2 (2016)
TEORIE PREFERENCI A KARIERA ZEN NA CESKEM TRHU PRACE
In: Politická ekonomie: teorie, modelování, aplikace, Volume 63, Issue 3, p. 382-399
ISSN: 0032-3233
This paper tests the selected determinants shaping the careers of women. It uses data from an exclusive survey conducted in 2011 in the Czech Republic and confronts the results with Hakim's preference theory. The results suggest arguments both for against the preference theory. We formulated four hypotheses and verified them by binary probit models. In accordance with the Hakim's theory we were able to demonstrate that the preference for work (work-centered preference) has a positive and significant impact on the career choices of women on the Czech labor market. According to the results of the model is the work-centered preference associated with 52% increase in likelihood that a woman will spend most of the energy in employment. The impact of higher education has been shown to be positive and significant - higher education increases the likelihood that a woman will spend most of the energy is employment by more than 14%. The impact of motherhood is according to our data negative and significant. It reduces the likelihood of career choices by more than 19% and this effect is the same for one and more children which is in contrast to Hakim's theory. Adapted from the source document.
Kulturní kontakty a kolaps království Benin
In: Historická sociologie: časopis pro historické sociální vědy = Historical sociology : a journal of historical social sciences, Issue 1, p. 75-94
ISSN: 2336-3525
"This study deals with historic cultural contacts between Europeans and the Benin Empire, one of the most significant native African cultural centres between the 15th and the 17th century. The study focuses particularly on the development of the Benin Empire on the background of acculturation and diffusion of European cultural elements and complexes. The study describes the first contacts between Europeans and the Benin Empire and the subsequent business activities, including slave trade. Special attention is paid to European colonial expansion that culminated in the 1897 British invasion which led to the conquest of the Benin City. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the role of the exogenous cultural change and acculturation processes, which caused the fall of once a socially, economically, politically and culturally stable African empire." (author's abstract)
Historický vývoj konceptů fámy a "veřejného mínění"
In: Historická sociologie: časopis pro historické sociální vědy = Historical sociology : a journal of historical social sciences, Issue 1, p. 95-114
ISSN: 2336-3525
"This article deals with the relationship between public opinion and rumour from ancient times, through the Middle Ages and right up to today. It will examine the terms which were used and which often depended not just on a particular author but usually an entire social class. The most often used terms to describe opinion, fama and existimatio, occurred in the speeches of politicians which were presented as the valuable opinions of the elite whereas the concepts opinio, rumor or sermo were considered as low value and unreliable opinions of plebeians to whom the ruling classes attributed the spreading and creation of rumours. The concept of fama, more often fama publica, indicated in the Middle Ages a local network of knowledge, a mechanism for the collective evaluation of an individual. In this sense it played an important role in the courts of law. The issue of rumours is common to all subsequent historical periods because public opinion usually both generated, and was supported, by rumour. The article also puts forward a hypothesis why the all-powerful fama dissapeared from the courtrooms, why it lost its significance and became purely a rumour." (author's abstract)
Co je dnes v sociologii obhajitelné? Prezentismus, historická vize a proč je sociologie užitečná
In: Historická sociologie: časopis pro historické sociální vědy = Historical sociology : a journal of historical social sciences, Issue 1, p. 25-46
ISSN: 2336-3525
"In recent years, sociology in Britain -and in national contexts influenced by British sociology- has been diagnosed by various parties as suffering from a wide range of ailments. These forms of selfcriticism become ever more acute in terms of their potential effects as huge transformations in university funding regimes are brought to bear on the social sciences. But none of these critiques engages satisfactorily with what is a much more foundational and serious set of problems, namely the very nature of sociology itself as a historically-situated form of knowledge production. Sociology claims to know the world around it, but in Britain today much sociology seriously fails in this regard, because it operates with radically curtailed understandings of the long-term historical forces which made the social conditions it purports to analyse. A sophisticated understanding of the contemporary world is made possible only by an equally sophisticated understanding of very long-term historical processes, precisely the sort of vision that mainstream British sociology has lacked for at least the last two decades. This paper identifies the reasons for the development of this situation and the consequences it has for the nature of sociology's knowledge production, for its self-understanding, for its claims to comprehend the contemporary world, and for its apparent social "usefulness". A markedly more selfaware and historically-sensitive sociology is proposed as the answer to the pressing question of what aspects of sociology should be defended in the turbulent context of British higher education today." (author's abstract)
Nácvik a zdokonaľovanie tečovania a dorážania puku v kategórii dorast ; Practice And Improvement Of Touching And Tipping A Puck In Youth Ice-Hockey Players
Tečovanie puku patrí medzi herné činnosti jednotlivca, ktorej sa podľa nás nevenuje dostatok pozor-nosti. Ľadový hokej sa časom neustále zrýchľuje, hra sa stále rozvíja, hráči sú silnejší, rýchlejší, strelysú tvrdšie. Tým, že hra je stále rýchlejšia, majú hráči omnoho menej času a priestoru na streleniególu. V súčasnom hokeji sa najviac gólov dosahuje tzv. dorážkami a tečovaním puku (Andrejkovič,2010). Brankári prvú strelu väčšinou chytia alebo vyrazia pred seba, čo umožňuje útočiacemu hráčovivyrazený puk dopraviť dorážaním puku do bránky. Podľa nás je veľmi dôležité, aby sme túto hernúčinnosť vštepovali hráčom už od detstva. Hráči si musia uvedomiť, že akcia nekončí hneď po prvejstrele. Treba ich naučiť, aby po každej strele korčuľovali k bránke, pretože len vtedy majú možnosťpo prípadnom vyrazení dorážať puk do bránky. Veľa hráčov má od detstva zlozvyk, že po strele jehoakcia skončí. Akcia je však ukončená až pri dosiahnutí gólu a nie, keď brankár puk vyrazí. Ak sapozrieme na reprezentačné hokejové družstvá ako Kanada, Rusko, Spojené štáty americké, tak u nichdominujú práve tieto činnosti. Príkladom je finálový zápas na olympijských hrách vo Vancouveri2010, kde tri z piatich gólov padli po dorážaní. Kanada strelila dva góly práve vďaka tejto hernejčinnosti a stala sa víťazom celého turnaja. Väčšina družstiev, ktoré majú túto hernú činnosť dobrenacvičenú, patria medzi najúspešnejšie. Samozrejme, že vzhľadom na úspešnosť v hre je nevyhnutnézvládnuť aj ostatné činnosti, ale ak hovoríme o vrcholovom hokeji, tak zápas rozhodujú väčšinou gólypo dorážaní. Preto ak chceme, aby boli mladí hráči v budúcnosti úspešní, treba ich naučiť dorážaťpuk po streľbe na bránku čo najskôr. ; The flow of the puck in ice hockey is in our opinion is not given enough attention. Ice hockey is constantly accelerating over time, the game is constantly evolving, players are stronger, faster, shots they make are harder. As the game gets faster and faster, players have much less time and space to shoot for goal. In today's hockey, most goals ...
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Mezinárodněprávní rámec sankcí a jejich uplatnění v praxi
In: http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0258780
The role of unilateral and collective sanctions in international has been increasing after\nthe ending of the "Cold War".New regimes of "smart" and "targeted" economic, financial and personal\nsanctions have been developed. Quite a new phenomenon is the impact of sanctions on non-State\nactors. The term "sanctions" is traditionally employed to indicate measures taken by the SC Art. 41 and\n42 of the UN Charter."Sanctions" according to prevailing views differ from the notion "countermeasures"\nas stipulated by the ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States.Regional organizations may\ntake sanctions against their own members, if their statute presumes it. Against third states they may\nimpose sanctions legally with authorization of the UNSC. It is controversial whether third states may\nresort to sanctions in case of a violation of obligations erga omnes, if this violation is not of serious\ngravity. The legal content of sanctions stricto sensu remains still to be seriously analyzed, especially\nwith regard to "countermeasures" and the practice of states.
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