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The instrumented security systems (SIS) consisting of sensors (pressure measurement, gas detection, etc.), processing units (PLCs) and actuators (valves) play a key role in the prevention of industrial risks, as safety barriers. The objective of a SIS is to maintain a safe state of an industrial process in relation to a dangerous event (release of substance, fire, explosion, etc.). The challenge is to know the availability of SIS, which is the ability to perform one or more security functions at a given moment (when requested) and under specific conditions (their environments). INERIS's research on SIS evaluation consisted of quantifying the availability and likelihood of failure to call on complex architectures and thus optimising the frequency of SIS tests. This work builds on the assessment methods of IEC 61508 [3] and the development of mathematical models for complex redundant architectures. IEC 61508 provides methods based on flow diagrams, fault trees, Markov chains. The approach of INERIS is different: an analytical approach is proposed in order to have a parametric expression of the medium dangerous probability of failure, thus enabling parametric analysis and optimisation of tests. ; Safety barriers take an important part of industrial risk management. Even if these systems are not triggered frequently, when an initiating event occurs (overpressure, overflow, etc.), they aim at preventing undesired events on people, environment, and goods. Proof tests have therefore to be performed in order to check the functional state of the safety barriers and, if required, to perform the appropriate maintenance actions. Dependability criteria have then to be assessed by a practical model. A set of general formulas is proposed for the probability of failure on demand (PFD) assessment of systems subject to partial and full tests. Partial tests (e.g. visual inspections, imperfect testing) may detect only some failures, whereas owing to a full test, the system is restored to an as good as new condition. Following the ...

The orientation and rapid diagnostic tests (TRODs) are immunochromatography tests allowing to obtain a rapid response to a specific question such as the presence or absence of an antigenic target in a biological sample that is easy to obtain (drop of blood , saliva.). There are many TRODs but few are used by general practitioners in their current practice. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the TRODs already used by general practitioners in their practice and those they would like to achieve. The results showed that doctors already use at least one TROD but they ignore the legislation governing the use of TRODs and they would like to be able to use more of them. The TRODs that physicians would like to have available are those of influenza, mononucleosis, strep A, gastric helicobacter pylori and tetanus. ; Les tests d'orientation et de diagnostics rapides (TRODs) sont des tests d'immunochromatographie permettant d'obtenir une réponse rapide a une question spécifique comme la présence ou non d'une cible antigénique dans un prélèvement biologique simple à obtenir (goutte de sang, salive). Il existe de nombreux TRODs mais peu sont utilisés par les médecins généralistes dans leur pratique courante. Le but de ce travail de recherche a été d'évaluer les TRODs déjà utilisés par les médecins généralistes dans leur cabinet et ceux qu'ils aimeraient pouvoir réaliser. Les résultats ont montré que les médecins utilisent déjà au moins un TROD mais qu'ils ignorent la législation encadrant l'utilisation des TRODs et qu'ils aimeraient pouvoir en utiliser davantage. Les TRODs que les médecins aimeraient avoir à disposition sont ceux de la grippe, de la mononucléose, de l'angine à streptocoque A, de la gastrite à hélicobacter pylori et du tétanos.

The orientation and rapid diagnostic tests (TRODs) are immunochromatography tests allowing to obtain a rapid response to a specific question such as the presence or absence of an antigenic target in a biological sample that is easy to obtain (drop of blood , saliva.). There are many TRODs but few are used by general practitioners in their current practice. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the TRODs already used by general practitioners in their practice and those they would like to achieve. The results showed that doctors already use at least one TROD but they ignore the legislation governing the use of TRODs and they would like to be able to use more of them. The TRODs that physicians would like to have available are those of influenza, mononucleosis, strep A, gastric helicobacter pylori and tetanus. ; Les tests d'orientation et de diagnostics rapides (TRODs) sont des tests d'immunochromatographie permettant d'obtenir une réponse rapide a une question spécifique comme la présence ou non d'une cible antigénique dans un prélèvement biologique simple à obtenir (goutte de sang, salive). Il existe de nombreux TRODs mais peu sont utilisés par les médecins généralistes dans leur pratique courante. Le but de ce travail de recherche a été d'évaluer les TRODs déjà utilisés par les médecins généralistes dans leur cabinet et ceux qu'ils aimeraient pouvoir réaliser. Les résultats ont montré que les médecins utilisent déjà au moins un TROD mais qu'ils ignorent la législation encadrant l'utilisation des TRODs et qu'ils aimeraient pouvoir en utiliser davantage. Les TRODs que les médecins aimeraient avoir à disposition sont ceux de la grippe, de la mononucléose, de l'angine à streptocoque A, de la gastrite à hélicobacter pylori et du tétanos.