Search results

The aim of the article is to systemically analyse the associations of war and the morality of community. Recently military conflicts became more frequent all over the world. It is noticed that military conflicts have the tendency to repeat and to gain chain reaction, when the wave of war affects many countries. General level of human aggressiveness has influence for the beginning of war. But the presidents of the countries with psychopathic personalities are at the starting point of the war. They possess the power and transfer their personal negative features to a conflict with another country. This is the reason why electing a president is such a responsible act, when society must pay attention not only to the election programme, but also to candidate's morality and hierarchy of values. We have to remember that peace begins in our minds and all of us are responsible for peace in our country and all over the world.

The aim of the article is to systemically analyse the associations of war and the morality of community. Recently military conflicts became more frequent all over the world. It is noticed that military conflicts have the tendency to repeat and to gain chain reaction, when the wave of war affects many countries. General level of human aggressiveness has influence for the beginning of war. But the presidents of the countries with psychopathic personalities are at the starting point of the war. They possess the power and transfer their personal negative features to a conflict with another country. This is the reason why electing a president is such a responsible act, when society must pay attention not only to the election programme, but also to candidate's morality and hierarchy of values. We have to remember that peace begins in our minds and all of us are responsible for peace in our country and all over the world.

Rising levels of discontent among rural residents and parts of the hunting community toward large carnivore conservation policy has effected a phenomenon of socio-politically motivated illegal killing of these unpopular species. Such wildlife crime formed the investigation of an interdisciplinary and internationally collaborative research project headed by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Ultuna, Uppsala. Through 3 years of in-depth interview studies with hunters in Sweden, a quantitative survey to hunters, comparative studies in other parts of the world and close collaboration with Fennoscandian researchers and practitioners, this project ran to completion at the end of 2016. The following report marks the dissemination and discussion of the research results and insights for future research produced by this project. Hence, it represents the first time the full research project and its members stand before the public and interest groups. The report synthesizes two days of workshop thematic discussions between 45 participants from societal sectors including hunting and nature conservation NGOs, county administrative boards, Environmental Protection Agencies, law enforcement, environmental attorneys and farming associations as they feature across the Fennoscandian countries: Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Its discussions center on social control in wildlife crime, the juridification of hunting issues, the influence of the EU and platforms for going forward to mitigate poaching, in particular of large carnivores like the wolf. The report is an essential read for both researchers and practitioners faced with the problem of socially accepted, but secretive and hidden, forms of illegal hunting in response to governmental legitimacy crises, distrust of policy and policy-makers, and as a manifestation of rural resistance in modernity.

The effectiveness of teaching the religion depends on the degree of the linguistic efficiency for the sender and for the recipient and by the degree of linguistic awareness of the religion instruction teacher i.e. his knowledge about mechanisms of the linguistic intercommunication. In the religious education transmission it seems essential to be perceiving language of the religious education by pupils. Amongst pupils and religion instruction teachers from primary schools and post-secondary a belief that the new manuals are adapted for the age and the level of the religious knowledge of pupils is dominating, they aren't proposing more serious linguistic problems concerning remarks. This belief results from the low-end acquaintance of the religious /terminology pupil's/ and of religion instruction teacher's /conformism/. Pupils of upper secondary schools are more conscious of their gaps in the knowledge of a language religious however the little percentage is only trying to make up for these gaps through the participation in active religious education /especially this beyond the school/.

The study considers the assumptions for the cultural transformation of the Polish Police for the benefit of further socialization of its activities. The point of reference in this study was the assumptions of a partnership police culture preferred in Western culture and based mainly on moral rules. The description of the police partnership culture was also made in relation to the classic police culture. On the basis of the presented empirical research, the gap in moral competences of the assessed decision-makers was described in a variant version, which occurs between the identified level of development of moral competences and the one postulated by the assumptions of the police partnership culture, in the structure of the entire research sample and taking into account its division into decision-makers from local and higher-level units command. The results of the research showed, socially unacceptable in the sphere of human safety, discrepancies between the identified and postulated state in the context of the requirements of a police partnership culture, as well as a higher level of development of moral competences of decision-makers from local Police units in relation to decision-makers from provincial Police headquarters and the Police Headquarters.

Environmental conflicts of interest are important to account for when environmental policies are designed. This paper explores the quantitative connection between urban waste water treatment, coastal eutrophication, and fish biomass in the mesotrophic Gulf of Riga (northern Europe). The probable effect on the water quality from one clearly defined abatement measure, improved urban sewage treatment has been studied. Furthermore, the implementation cost and the likely effect on total fish biomass have also been assessed. Computer simulations using the previously published model CoastMab suggested that good water quality according to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive could be achieved if urban sewage treatment would be upgraded to Nordic and German standards, and not only around the Gulf of Riga but in the whole Baltic Sea drainage basin. The Secchi depth would double according to these simulations while total phosphorus and summer chlorophyll concentrations would decrease by 54% and 53%, respectively. The total fish biomass should be expected to decrease by about 42% if "good" water quality (as defined in European Union directives) should be achieved. However, changes in total fish biomass could also be offset by changes in other important determinants such as climate related variables or fishing pressure. The study estimated that it could take about 20-40 years after abatement action for the trophic state in the Gulf to stabilise again. Upgrading urban sewage treatment to this extent would cost 468-1,118 million euros per year. Treatment could have substantial positive effects on the water quality of the Gulf but could also have adverse side effects on the total fish biomass.

In 2017, the Swedish government took the initiative to conduct a country­wide information campaign with the aim of informing the citizens on what to do in the event of a serious crisis or war. In this article the effects of this information campaign are studied through a unique panel survey with identical surveys sent out immediately prior to the campaign and two weeks after the campaign. Concerning the effect, the level of responsibility for civil preparedness ascribed to different actors increased after the campaign, including the responsibility of the citizens. This effect is significant. However, the study reveals no significant effect on the lev­ els of trust with the trust in different authorities and their civil preparedness remaining on a mid­level before as well as after the campaign. Moreover, we do not see any general proof of higher risk perceptions or higher fear of threats as a result of the campaign, with the im­ portant exceptions of fear of measures to destabilise democracy and severe power cuts. In the article it is argued that despite current trends of strong individualisation with effects on media consumption and respect for authorities, the Swedish campaign illustrates that it is still possible to reach the greater part of the population with vital information and also, to at least some extent, affect attitudes.

Traditionally, the quality of law is associated with observing certain principles of law making, the so-called principles of good legislation. Such a way of thinking, however, seems to be an over-simplification. Thus, the author indicates that the high-quality of legislation and the principles of good legislation are not the same. Law passed on the basis of good legislation procedures does not automatically result in the high-quality law, in particular, if one makes an assumption that the quality of law depends, above all, on legal certainty being ensured. The reflections presented here express an opinion on the immediate connection between the quality of law and the theory of law. In this perspective, thoughts on the quality of law resulted in an opinion how firmly the process of improvement in law quality is associated with the development of the theory of law. As regards the studies on the quality of law as a measure of legal certainty, three issues are pointed out in the material: 1. the quality of law from the point of view of its formation in reference to certain general social phenomena, 2. the quality of law relating to a person, 3. the quality of law in judicial activities.