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In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) represents the federal government's paramount effort to protect endangered species. In no uncertain terms, the ESA prohibits harming endangered species by both private and governmental actors. Moreover, the Supreme Court determined that the ESA prevents courts from exercising their usual discretion when such actors take actions that will foreseeably result in harm to endangered species. Put simply, the ESA prevents courts from allowing harm to come to endangered species even if that harm is necessary for an immense benefit to human beings. This broad protection has been effective in preventing ecological loss in the U.S. But because of the breadth of the statute, courts must sometimes resolve disputes where harm to an endangered species is necessary to protect human health and safety. In these cases, courts have severely narrowed the ESA's protections. Furthermore, changes in human and animal migration caused by climate change will pit human health against the welfare of endangered species far more often. Without better guidance from Congress, courts will likely continue to erode the strength of the ESA. This Note proposes expanding the ESA's exemption process in order to forestall foundational attacks on the statute. By addressing this issue now, Congress can preserve the ESA's core protections against increasingly problematic precedent.

Proposes biological and political strategies to dramatically alter existing management systems and replace the 1973 Endangered Species Act with pragmatic policy allowing for positive incentives, decentralization, and innovation; US.

The existence of the Tribal people is in danger. The Indian government refuses to recognize the Tribal people and Adivasis of India as the Indigenous Peoples of the country. Jal-Jangle-Jameen is at the centre of the Tribal people's meaning system and the orga­- nizational system. Land is at root of the Tribal identity. Therefore, land alienation of any kind is a threat to their Tribal identity. There is a systematic violation of the rights of the Tribal people. They do not enjoy their rights to their lands and resources. In the name of development and common good, the Tribal land is being grabbed by the government and the corporates. The Tribal people are displaced from their habitat and are forced to migrate because of actions and policies taken by government. Thus, the Tribal people become the victims of unbalanced and lopsided development. In the pretext of Naxalism, arbitrary arrests, labelling of indigenous peoples as ter­- rorists, torture and extrajudicial killings — continue.