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Al revisar el proceso de institucionalización del Trabajo Social en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos, durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, se vuelven problemáticas algunas concepciones estereotipadas y sesgadas de la identidad profesional de los trabajadores sociales que siguen estando operativas. Para dar cuenta de la génesis de la profesión, más que apelar al deus ex machina de los nombres propios, en este artículo tratamos de objetivar en la historia social e intelectual las condiciones que contribuyeron a su formación. La crítica histórica permite de este modo sacar a la luz las aportaciones de un amplio colectivo de mujeres pioneras, como el círculo de Toynbee Hall, quienes sustituyeron el case work por el social work a partir de la nueva ciencia social. Estas mujeres abordaron la cuestión social, crearon nuevas técnicas de observación, y se comprometieron en favor de la reforma social. En los actuales tiempos de incertidumbre, el generoso compromiso social y político de las primeras trabajadoras sociales resulta especialmente ejemplar. ; In reviewing the process of institutionalization of social work in England and United States during the first third of the twentieth century, arise some stereotypical and biased issues of professional identity of social workers which are still present today. To account for the genesis of the profession, rather than appeal to the deus ex machina of proper names, in this article we try to objectify, under the frame of the social and intellectual history, the conditions that contributed to its formation. Historical criticism allows bringing light to the contributions of a large group of pioneering women, as the circle of Toynbee Hall, who replaced the case work for the social work from the new social science. These women addressed social issues, created new observation techniques, and pledged in favor of social reform. In today's uncertain times, the generous social and political commitment of the first social workers turns out to be especially exemplary.

La guerra anglo-argentina fue, a todas luces, un hecho sorpresivo e inesperado. Incluso, luego de la acción argentina del 2 de abril, era una opinión bastante extendida que "la sangre no llegaría al río". Sin embargo, lo inesperado y para muchos inexplicable, ocurrió. Pero al lado de los acontecimientos militares, que marcaron también algunas sorpresas, hubo en términos políticos un conjunto de actitudes que, fuera del contexto de este conflicto, hubieran sido inexplicables. En América Latina, hemos escuchado a voceros de la derecha y de la alienación a Estados Unidos, criticar al colonialismo y al imperialismo; también hemos visto a gentes de una izquierda que, hasta el 1° de abril, consideraba al régimen militar argentino como una especie de "bestia negra" del fascismo, expresar la más clara y contundente solidaridad con Argentina.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, by recovering the historical atmosphere in which Locke lived, the aim is to show that his thought was very much influenced by the general context of England during the second half of the seventeenth century. Second, after analyzing the context that shaped his Essay on Tolerance & his Letter on Tolerance, & the main differences between both works, a brief analysis of Locke's complex concept of property in his second Treatise will follow. It will be argued that a different reading of property that takes into account the broader classical meaning of "propriety," which would be consistent with Locke's definition of what he terms by the 'general name' of property ('Lives, Liberties & Estates'), could entail individual liberty in religious matters. If this interpretation is feasible, i.e., if Locke's concept of propriety could comprise freedom of consciousness in religious matters, then Locke's civil society should necessarily entail tolerance. 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

Las experiencias coloniales de Inglaterra y Francia en América entre los siglos XVI y XVIII estuvieron signadas por una rivalidad con España de alcances religiosos, políticos y económicos. Franceses e ingleses diseñaron estrategias de dominio y modelos de ocupación en territorios periféricos del Imperio español que auguraban posibilidades de expansión geográfica y control colonial. Una de las estrategias privilegiadas en esta competencia ultramarina fueron las representaciones que a través de los relatos de viaje se hicieron con el objetivo de difundir y promover la presencia de dichas potencias en los contornos del mundo colonial ibérico. A partir del análisis de una serie de relatos de viaje publicados en este período, se intentará demostrar que a pesar de los cambiantes escenarios que posibilitaron -o no- la presencia colonial concreta de Francia e Inglaterra en América, fue en los libros que la disputa por el Nuevo Mundo tuvo un desarrollo progresivo, resultando un instrumento cada vez más eficaz para "poner en evidencia los atropellos de España" y justificar de esta forma las ambiciones coloniales de estas potencias. En función de lo antedicho, en el caso inglés serán analizadas las narrativas de viaje relativas al asentamiento de Roanoke (1584-1586), el derrotero de Anthony Knivet por el Atlántico Sur (1591-1603) y el viaje a tierras patagónicas de George Shelvocke (1719-1722). En el caso de Francia serán abordados los relatos de viaje producidos a raíz de las experiencias protestantes en Florida y Brasil en el siglo XVI y su primer viaje de circunnavegación en 1766. ; Throughout the XVIth and XVIIIth centuries, English and French colonial expansion was marked by a rivalry with Spain of religious, political and economic extent. England and France designed strategies and patterns of settlement in the margins of the Spanish Empire that, beyond Spanish control, would enable geographic expansion and colonial occupation. Anti-Spanish accounts in travel narratives thus became one of the strategies used to promote the presence of such colonial powers in marginal areas of the colonial Iberian world. A detailed analysis of some of the narratives published in this period by both England and France suggests that whether the priority was the installation of strategic bases in America, the control of commercial routes, the development of religious settlements or the organization of expeditions of a more scientific and commercial approach, the struggle for the New World by means of the printed text was the best instrument to condemn the abuses of Spain and thus justify the colonial ambitions of England and France. Given this objective, the attempt to settle in Roanoke, the voyages of Anthony Knivet to the South Atlantic and the voyage to patagonic lands made by George Shelvocke (1719-22) will be analyzed for the English case. Regarding the French, special attention will be paid to the protestant projects in Florida and Brazil and the first French voyage around the world in 1766.

It seems to take growing root in the West a certain idea of marriage, which appears to descend from the French secularism model, in being "counter-traditional", respectful of the individual autonomy, and devoted to an "integral" application of the principle of equality. The proof is that it putted down roots in legal contexts poles apart from the above model, for their way to set the space and the relevance of religion in the public sphere. The study examines the emblematic English case, where this notion has led to the introduction of "same-sex marriage", without the peculiar framework of the relations between the State and his national Church, with his singular legal tecnical implications (the "ecclesiastical law" as integral part of the general law of England; the "constitutional" principle for which the canon law cannot be contrary to the latter; the correspondence – until then – between "anglican marriage" and the civil one; the clergy's duty to solemnise the marriage of all the residents in the Country irrespective of the couple's religious beliefs or lack of them) have rapresented a barrier or a scruple. The goal of the paper is, on one hand, focusing the political and legal reasons that underlie this outcome, and, on the other hand, look into the impact that the latter has resulted on the Church of England's legal system, its legally relevant reactions, and the adopted "style of presence", also as a "benchmark" for the more comprehensive anglican world.