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Intro -- Urban Claims and the Right to the City -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Notes on Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Introduction -- Lugar Comum, Salvador da Bahia -- Just Space, London -- The context of urban struggles in Salvador -- The policy context for housing and urban struggles in London -- Centring the margins: Knowledge production and methodology as praxis -- Acervo da Laje -- The Association of Friends of Gege and the Residents of Gamboa de Baixo -- Association of Residents and Friends of the Historic Centre (AMACH)

Резюме. на основе литературных произведений XI–XIII вв. (в основном исландских) исследуется отображение британско-скандинавских контактов в период, предшествовавший норманнскому вторжению в Англию в 1066 г. Приводимые примеры отрывков из произведений анализируются с точки зрения их соответствия исторической правде и сопровождаются необходимыми описаниями событий, происходивших в рассматриваемое время. Основное внимание уделено произведениям исландской литературы и четкому разделению в них (особенно в сагах) британского региона на две части: «дружественную» Англию и «враждебные» Шотландию и Ирландию. Выбор именно исландской литературы как базы для настоящего исследования обусловлен слабой вовлеченностью страны во взаимодействия между континентальными Скандинавскими странами и Британией в «эпоху викингов» (начало IX в. – 1066 г.) и, соответственно, отсутствием мотивов исказить происходящие события по политическим или иным причинам. = Abstract. British-Scandinavian contacts during the period before the Norman invasion of England in 1066 are investigated on basis of the literary works (mainly Icelandic) of the XI–XIII centuries. The given examples of the extracts from the works are analyzed in terms of their compliance with the historical truth and are accompanied by the necessary descriptions of the events that occurred at that time. Emphasis is placed on the works of Icelandic literature and the clear distinguishing of the British region in them (especially in the sagas) into two parts: «friendly» England and «hostile» Scotland and Ireland. The choice of Icelandic literature as the basis for this study is caused by the weak involvement of the country in the interaction between the continental Scandinavian countries and Britain during the «Viking Age» (the beginning of the IX century – 1066) and, consequently, the lack of motivation to distort the events for political or other reasons.

Investigates the international practice of providing medical care to convicts to imprisonment. Based on the results of the analysis of domestic legislation and the current foreign practice, the author makes the following conclusions. The concept of development of the penal system of the Russian Federation until 2020 in the aspect of providing medical care to convicts cannot be implemented in full because of problems in the field of material and technical, personnel, medical, resource support of correctional institutions. The study of the experience of foreign countries shows that the penal system uses both the model of sending patients to external medical institutions and the model by which medical personnel are sent from the national service to the prison. In a number of countries, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden have adopted mixed funding through the national health service and prison administration, and in England and Wales, Iceland, Cyprus, Norway funding is provided through the national health system. An analysis of practice shows that in Belgium, Ireland, Lithuania, it is generally not accepted to transfer prisoners from places of detention to hospitals for treatment, in England and Wales, Bulgaria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and France, the hospitals themselves are responsible for the safety of the transfer of prisoners. In the rest of the countries, the security of the transfer is ensured by prison guards or the police. The author concludes that the introduction of national standards for the management of patients, including a wide range of diseases, into the penitentiary system of Russia presents significant difficulties. One of the main obstacles is the structure of the medical service of the penitentiary system, the analogue of which does not exist in public health. With such a volume of health care, the existing structure of material and technical equipment, the staff of the medical unit, as well as insufficient funding do not allow to fully adhere to medical and economic standards.

в статье рассматривается история открытого противостояния России и Великобритании на Среднем Востоке в контексте судьбы Афганистана. Автор показывает агрессивный характер британской политики в регионе. При этом Россия выступает политическим игроком ; добивавшимся своих геополитических целей в Афганистане легитимным путем. Но ни одна из сторон фактически не принимала во внимание интересы самой страны. ; In the article the history of the adversarial position of Russia and Great Britain in the Middle East in the context of the fate of Afghanistan is considered. The author demonstrates the aggressive nature of the British policy in the region. Thus Russia acts as the political player who tried to achieve the geopolitical purposes in Afghanistan in the legitimate way. But neither Russia nor England didn't take the interests of the country into consideration actually.

The article is focused on the current events taking place in the Ukraine in general context of modern international relations. In particular, the similarities of Ukrainian events to the events on an international arena in the pre-war period are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the tendency that current politics of Great Britain, France and Germany is oriented to the USA, just as in the 30-ies of XX century, when England and France are almost encouraged German actions. ; В статье рассматриваются современные события, происходящие на Украине, в общем контексте международных отношений последних лет. Анализируется сходство украинского кризиса с событиями, происходящими на международной арене накануне Второй мировой войны. Обращается внимание на то, что современная политика Великобритании, Франции и Германии ориентирована на США, подобно тому как в 30-е гг. ХХ в. Англия и Франция фактически поощряла действия Германии.

This article compares the trials against two members of the Dacre family, the Barons of Dacre Thomas and William. The relationship between the monarch and the nobility has traditionally been considered one of the key moments in the development of states in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Subordinating the aristocracy and restricting its independence is seen as one of the main goals of royal policy. Both Dacres held important posts in frontier administration, acting as Wardens of the Border Marches on the Scottish border. In addition, the Dacres owned vast tracts of land in the northern counties and were one of the most powerful families in northern England. A comparison of the two trials thus sheds light on royal politics in the northern lands, the relationship of the Dacre family of Gillsland to the Tudor monarchy and their place in the social microcosm of the Anglo-Scottish frontier. The study is based on an analysis of the public papers of the early Tudor era: the correspondence and records of court proceedings. As the study shows in the trials of 1525 and 1534, the Crown did not seek to wipe out the influence of the Dacres barons entirely, but to limit it by punishing them for their neglect of royal laws and excessive autonomy. At the same time, the initiative to persecute the Dacres came from the provincial gentry, those with whom the barons, for various reasons, failed to deal. The Crown was only responding to these challenges. ; Статья посвящена сравнению судебных процессов против двух представителей семьи Дакров, баронов Дакр Томаса и Уильяма. Взаимоотношения монарха и знати традиционно считаются одним из ключевых моментов в развитии государств Средневековья и Раннего нового времени. Подчинение аристократии и ограничение ее самостоятельности видятся одной из главных целей королевской политики. Оба Дакра занимали важные посты в пограничной администрации, исполняя обязанности Стражей пограничных марок на границе с Шотландией. Кроме того, Дакры владели обширными земельными пространствами в северных графствах и были одним из наиболее могущественных родов северной Англии. Таким образом, сравнение двух судебных процессов позволяет пролить свет на королевскую политику в северных землях, взаимоотношения семьи Дакр из Гиллсленда с монархией Тюдоров и их место в социальном микрокосме англо-шотландского пограничья. Исследование основано на анализе государственных бумаг эпохи первых Тюдоров: переписки, протоколов судебных процессов. Как показывает исследование, в судебных процессах 1525 и 1534 годов Корона стремилась не уничтожить влияние баронов Дакр полностью, а ограничить его, наказав за пренебрежение королевскими законами и излишнюю самостоятельность. В то же время инициатива преследования Дакров исходила от провинциального дворянства, тех, с кем у баронов по разным причинам не сложились отношения. Корона лишь реагировала на эти вызовы.Ключевые слова: Англия Раннего нового времени; Дакр; аристократия; Тюдоры; Генрих VIII; англо-шотландское пограничье; дворянство.

The notions of enthusiasm and fanaticism, besides the fact that they were associated with the concrete phenomenon of religious zeal at the time of the Reformation, were also, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the object of a literature that built a specific image of the so-called enthusiasts, be they the English Puritans, the Huguenot prophets or the Jansenist convulsionaries. By constructing this image, literature - philosophical, medical or satirical - produced at the same time the specular image of itself, sometimes as pure alterity in relation to the fanatic, sometimes relativizing this opposition. Our journey starts from some of these formulations in England at the beginning of the 17th century, and then pays attention carefully to the elaborations of Swift and Diderot about fanaticism and enthusiasm, from the beginning to the middle of the 18th century, showing that philosophy itself, often understood as the opposite of fanaticism or madness, can also become its other when it gives in to enthusiasm.

The normative space of legal discourse does not only contain norms of various types and functions - regulatory and constitutive, formal and non-formal - but also implicates general value-based benchmarks of both social behavior of society in general and the representatives of political and state power and their "way of thinking". The article considers the correlation between the etymology of the English word, used in the text of legal discourse, and the cognitive reconstruction of the meanings of the concept «reasonable authority» on the example of Family Procedure Rules used in England and Wales. Etymological memory of a word is viewed upon in this study as a «mobile determiner» of the context, able to modify the conception of the UK judiciary. The etymology of a word should reveal the deep semantics of lexical units, uncover inferential characteristics and show the connotations of the word. ; В данной статье рассматривается корреляция этимологии английского слова, используемого в тексте юридического дискурса, и когнитивной реконструкции смыслов концепта-представления "рациональный авторитет" на примере семейного судопроизводства Англии.

This text analyses aspects of metropolitan governance in European countries, observing cooperated action strategies. Accordingly, it is descanted about the instituted arrangements in a spontaneous and institutionalized way, the sources of funding and the offering of cooperated services. Thereby, this study has the objective of analyzing the metropolitan matter, considering essentially its institutions and the promotion of policies and programs undertaken in the metropolitan spaces. There are considered the institution guidelines of the following European countries: Germany, Spain, France and England, as well as the challenges and limitations of fomentation to the metropolitan governance. The observations were developed from the review of the international literature and researches accomplished by the respective governments between the decade of 1970 and the year 2012. The analysis indicates that the arrangements of metropolitan governance are heterogeneous and diversified, with diverse models, being to common service delivery or being to cooperative acting. There are still observed fragilities in the strategies to the articulation of intersectoral policies and strong conflicts among the public and private economical agents.

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

Building on the issue of genealogy of the history play I touched on in my previous article, this contribution examines how the characters in Christopher Marlowe's attempt at a proto-history play and of his preceding historical tragedies lead us both to the historical memory that a London Elizabethan theatregoer might have had, and to his imaginary polities where the plays were set — from the conventional Orient conquered by Tamburlaine, to England and France. The degree of detail and internal coherence of a polity could have had an impact of the traumatic effect of scenic violence. ; Продолжая начатую в предыдущей работе тему генеалогии английской хроники (history play), статья посвящена тому, как действия героев исторических пьес Марло и предшествовавших им трагедий на историческом материале связаны, с одной стороны, с исторической памятью, присущей лондонскому зрителю позднеелизаветинской эпохи, а с другой, с характеристиками воображаемых им политий, где происходит действие пьес — от условного «Востока», завоеванного Тамерланом, до Англии и Франции. Степень проработанности этой политии и связей внутри нее, вероятно, могла определять уровень «травматичности» показанного на сцене.

In the first half of the XIX century Portugal was a small state that was not able to defend national interests or even protect independence without support of any Great Power. But potential allies – England and Spain – constantly were interfering in Portuguese internal affairs that threatened the sovereignty of Portugal. Portuguese intellectuals always connected the problem of authentic independence of their country with economic, social and political development and progress of Portugal. They were conscious of the fact, that permanent alliance with any Great Power was fraught with loss of sovereignty while Portugal remained weak. ; В первой половине XIX в. Португалия была малой страной, которая не могла защитить национальные интересы и даже свою независимость без поддержки какой-либо великой державы. Однако потенциальные союзники – Англия и Испания - постоянно вмешивались во внутренние дела Португалии, создавая угрозу её суверенитету. Португальские мыслители всегда связывали проблему подлинной независимости своей страны с экономическим, социальным и политическим развитием и прогрессом Португалии. Они осознавали тот факт, что постоянный союз с какой-либо великой державой чреват потерей суверенитета, пока Португалия остаётся слабой.

The presented article substantiates the role and significance of the separation of powers in modern society and the state, consisting in the fact that this concept represents an instrument of limiting state power in order to protect the rights and interests of individual rights. As a rule, the separation of powers is opposed to the concept of autocracy, the concentration of power in the hands of one person or body. The author recognizes the theory of separation of powers ideologically related to the political legacy of Locke and Montesquieu and notes that the genesis of the theory of separation of powers is associated with the emergence of bourgeois political and legal theories, primarily in England in the XVII century, whose most authoritative political thinker was D. Locke. However, the classical formulation of this theory has received in the writings of the great French philosopher, lawyer and educator Charles Louis Montesquieu. In article are analyzed the features of the original doctrines of separation of powers of these eminent thinkers, the first addition to the concept of a democratically organized state, the optimal organization of the system of state authorities.