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Munro uses the natural garden as a means of understanding shifts in space & time &, thus, the current disorganization in contemporary institutional life. Classical & romantic landscapes are explored. Incorporating literature & poetry, Munro concludes that clarity was never the goal of either landscape. However, it is argued that clarity is becoming a modern sublime. Munro concludes that against the fetish of clarity, gardens embody a solidity that can ground thinking. The displacement of formal knowledge is linked with the contrasting classical project of learning. Romantic conceptions of reality as transmitted through individual experience are presented. 44 References. J. Backman

"To understand the role of machine-readable text corpora in linguistics it is necessary to consider the four possible sources of data for the linguist, viz. (1) the analyst's own introspection/ intuition, (2) more or less systematically conducted elicitation experiments with groups of native speakers of the language studied, (3) collections of authentic spoken or written citations gathered unsystematically, and (4) evidence extracted systematically from a well-defined corpus of texts. After a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the various sources of data, I will briefly exemplify recent advances made in the corpus-based description of languages that have become possible as a result of the application of computer technology to linguistics and then go on to present the major databases currently available for the study of English and German." (author's abstract)

Examines representations of language in traditional texts of India as indicators of gender, ethnicity, class, & power, & compares them to representations of language that served as markers of status in well-known texts of modern Anglo-Indian literature. The sacred vedic texts of ancient India are touched on, but greater attention is given to signifiers of power relations in the epic, classical, & modern periods. It is argued that religious/social thought & practice in premodern India produced a pervasive link between the control of language & control of the world, an association that was quickly assumed by colonial agents, who were also concerned with both social hierarchy & language as a status indicator. An exploration of the complicated connection of this association with gender representations maintains that it spawned an obsession with the mechanisms of language/linguistic performance, including articulation, grammar, & etymology. It is noted that challenges to the power & prestige of Sanskrit during the Mughal & colonial periods led to the use of English as India's other "father tongue.". 16 References. J. Lindroth

In this paper, we describe our effort to create a new corpus for the evaluation of detecting and linking so-called survey variables in social science publications (e.g., "Do you believe in Heaven?"). The task is to recognize survey variable mentions in a given text, disambiguate
them, and link them to the corresponding variable within a knowledge base. Since there are generally hundreds of candidates to link to and due to the wide variety of forms they can take, this is a challenging task within NLP. The contribution of our work is the first gold standard corpus for the variable detection and linking task. We describe the annotation guidelines and the annotation process. The produced corpus is multilingual - German and English - and includes manually curated word and phrase alignments. Moreover, it includes text samples that could not be assigned to any variables, denoted as negative examples. Based on the new dataset, we conduct an evaluation of several state-of-the-art text classification and textual similarity methods. The annotated corpus is made available along with an open-source baseline system for variable mention identification and linking.

Age integration - a term used in social gerontology in at least two senses. In a narrow perspective - adopted mainly in English-language literature - age integration refers to such a structure of social roles in various institutions that allows for differences, but they do not depend strictly on the age structure, i.e. whether someone is a middle-aged adult or in an older age (Phillips et al., 2010). This is particularly about educational, economic, political, religious and leisure institutions in which people from different age groups and generations play different roles and occupy different positions. Age integration is based on the assumption that access to the institution, the possibility of exiting it and access to products (called outputs); services implemented in reality and benefits and outcomes paid out; the effects of implemented services and services, eg reduction of poverty, improvement of health, activities of these institutions is equal for all regardless of age.

English: The object of this article is the communicational interpretation of the cathedral as architectural, religious and semiotic complex. On the basis of the definition for media in the characteristics of the cathedral are defined its two genealogical of each media components – content and form. The analysis of theoretical and empirical sources leads to determination of specter of four media functions - a) the cathedral as a media for the non-writing man; b) the cathedral as a proto-television, c) the cathedral as a prototype of the hypertext; d) the cathedral as a holographic library. The conclusion is that the cathedral from a communicational point of view is a crossmedia between spacious, plasticity and muse arts, between architecture, sculpture, music, drama, dance and literature. The cathedral "text" is a multimedia of expressive means for influence over all human senses.

Considers historical aspects of the political economy of nationalization at the periphery of the UK, drawing on a discussion of the literature, particularly Michael Banton's (eg, 1991 [see abstract 91X8195]) work on race relations. It is suggested that the process of nationalization has proceeded by means of historically specific articulations of nationalism & racism that have occurred in both securing English domination in the UK & in reproducing British domination in Africa & India. Recent analyses of the situation in Northern Ireland from a race relations perspective have failed to account for the incompleteness of the process of nationalization in the UK. It is argued that a proper analysis of the situation in Northern Ireland would require several steps: a distinction between the biological characteristics of the human body & the cultural articulation of these characteristics, establishment of the everyday processes of such articulation, & interpretation of the meaning of racism in these processes. It is concluded that the problems endemic to Banton's race relations paradigm can be averted by rejecting the use of race as an analytic category & instead analyzing actual claims made to a distinct origin or history by various social groups in contestation. D. M. Smith