Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im höheren Erwerbsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Um sie auch künftig zu ermöglichen, ist das Wissen um die spezifische Situation dieser Gruppe, grade in Bezug auf gesundheitliche Aspekte, besonders wichtig. Die Dissertation bietet einen Überblick zu den Erwerbsverläufen und aktuellen Erwerbs- und Gesundheitssituationen älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter und untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen: - verschiedenen Erwerbsverlaufstypen und bisheriger Alterssicherung; - prekärer Beschäftigung und funktionaler Gesundheit; - der Tätigkeit in geschlechtersegregierten Berufen und depressiven Symptomen sowie - Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen und psychischer Gesundheit.
AbstractWir untersuchen aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive die Arbeitsmarktsituation älterer Personen im internationalen Vergleich und beziehen dabei sowohl Frühverrentung als auch Arbeitslosigkeit ein. Zentrale Hypothese unserer Analyse ist, dass die Wirkung von Sozialpolitik auf die Beschäftigungschancen Älterer nicht einheitlich ist, sondern von der individuellen vorangegangenen Erwerbsbiografie abhängt. Datengrundlage ist der "Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe", insbesondere die Lebenslaufdaten der dritten Welle (SHARELIFE, 2008/09) aus zwölf europäischen Ländern. Unsere Analysegruppe sind männliche Befragte ab 50 Jahren. Als kontextuelle Faktoren beziehen wir institutionelle Frühverrentungsanreize sowie Kündigungsschutzregelungen ein. Um Interaktionseffekte zwischen sozialpolitischen und individuellen Charakteristika zu schätzen, verwenden wir Mehrebenen-Regressionen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche Mechanismen für Arbeitslosigkeit und Frührente. Unterschiede im Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko Älterer sind vor allem auf individuelle Faktoren zurückzuführen; Personen mit vormals instabilen Erwerbsverläufen und atypischer Beschäftigung sind besonders betroffen. Das Gegenteil trifft auf Frühverrentung zu: Personen mit stabilen Erwerbskarrieren in regulärer Beschäftigung weisen hierfür eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit auf. Dieser Zusammenhang wird durch generöse Frühverrentungsmöglichkeiten zusätzlich verstärkt. Strikte Kündigungsschutzregelungen erhöhen dagegen die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Personen mit stabilen Erwerbsverläufen, allerdings nur, wenn die institutionalisierten Frühverrentungsanreize dem nicht entgegenwirken.
In: Comparative population studies: CPoS ; open acess journal of the Federal Institute for Population Research = Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungsforschung, Volume 35, Issue 4, p. 739-765
The Age Limit Adjustment Act, which was adopted in 2007, constitutes a climax in the developments of a paradigm shift in pension policy towards remaining at work for longer. This development entails profound changes and restrictions on benefits for assured persons. In future, many of the insurable employed will not receive a pension without incurring deductions until they reach the age of 67. Both employers and employees are faced with new challenges if they wish to avoid pension reductions in the event of an early retirement and consequently possible precarious incomes at old age. Especially women need particular support in this regard, given that in structural terms, they are in a weaker position on the labour market.Against this background, a representative nationwide survey of 1,800 female workers born between 1947 and 1964 was commissioned by the New Quality of Work Initiative (INQA) and conducted by the Institute of Gerontology at the Technical University of Dortmund in cooperation with TNS Infratest in 2007. These cohorts are to be affected by the increase of the age limit from 2012 onwards. In addition to structural data, this survey studied the respondents' assessment of their current ability to work and to continue to work until reaching the standard age limit. Further, the survey explored specific working conditions and strains of work. The results show that more than 40% of the female respondents are sceptical about the conditions of being able to continue their current work until reaching their statutory age limit. The only moderate to poor workability and the consequential danger of having to leave work result e.g. from work-related strains which accumulate in certain sectors and professional groups. The creation of appropriate jobs for older workers as well as the implementation of a staff policy in companies, which is sensitive to demographic developments and individual circumstances, can contribute to maintaining and nurturing the workability.
Der Autor untersucht vor dem Hintergrund der Wandlungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Großbritannien die Frage, inwieweit die Flexibilisierungsprozesse die Erwerbskarrieren von älteren Arbeitnehmern und ihren Übergang in die Rente beeinflussen. Er betont einleitend die Tatsache, dass die Qualifikationen der älteren Beschäftigten mit dem beschleunigten technologischen Wandel und dem verstärkten globalen Wettbewerb zunehmend überholt sind und auf den Arbeitsmärkten weniger nachgefragt werden. Prekäre Beschäftigungsformen wie auch längere Phasen der Arbeitslosigkeit stellen dabei nicht nur eine unsichere Phase im späten Erwerbsverlauf dar, sondern haben darüber hinaus auch Folgen für das Renteneinkommen und das Risiko von Altersarmut. Es ist jedoch zu erwarten, dass die Richtung und das Ausmaß von Veränderungsprozessen stark von nationalen institutionellen Kontexten geprägt sind. Der Autor gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die Arbeitsmarktentwicklung in Großbritannien zwischen 1990 und 2005. Er analysiert anschließend anhand von Daten des "British Household Panel Survey" die Erwerbskarrieren von älteren Arbeitnehmern mit Fokus auf die Einkommensmobilität, das Risiko von beruflichem Abstieg und Arbeitslosigkeit sowie den Übergang in den Ruhestand und das Renteneinkommen. (ICI)
This paper shows that earnings losses after unemployment increase with age. First, older employees start out with relatively high earnings in comparison to employees without employment interruptions several years before the non-employment spell. This earnings advantage turns into a strong earnings disadvantage shortly before the non-employment spell. Younger unemployed have a relatively stable and small earnings disadvantage before non-employment. Second, while the younger employees quickly enjoy earnings higher than those without employment interruptions after the non-employment spell, earnings for older employees are lower even six years after the unemployment spell. If those with non-employment spells re-enter the labour market at the same employer, the earnings impact is the more positive the younger the employee. This paper uses representative administrative spell data for 1993-2001 that allow us to take into account the precise length of all non-employment spells and calculate the exact dates before and after the spells.
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"Women's careers have been a topic of research and discussion in many disciplines including sociology, business, industrial, organisational and vocational psychology, and career guidance. Despite the introduction of equal employment legislation in many countries, women's patterns of career development continue to reflect structural labour market disadvantage.This unique book brings together expert contributions from academic researchers, as well as representing the voices of older women who participated in an international research investigation. Grounded in multidisciplinary empirical studies, the book provides: a variety of perspectives on women's careers in the 21st century; an international exploration of the voice of the older woman; an understanding of both the challenges and responses to women as they construct their careers.Offering a comprehensive understanding of women's career development throughout the lifespan, this book will be of key interest to academics and researchers from the fields of education, psychology, management, geography, labour market economics and sociology, as well as career practitioners, managers, trainers, researchers and policy developers. "--
Introduction: themes, objectives and theoretical perspectives / Marta Choroszewicz and Tracey L. Adams -- Health professions -- Early-career doctors and in/justice in work : the invisibility of gender in a "male" profession / Antero Olakivi and Sirpa Wrede -- "Not that many female med students want to pursue surgery" : gender, ethnicity and the life course in medical students' specialty choices / Tracey L. Adams and Eugena Kwon -- Intergenerational dynamics among women and men in nursing / Marci D. Cottingham and Janette S. Dill -- "Male" ficence or "miss" understandings? : exploring the relationship between gender, young healthcare professionals, social media, and professionalism / Patricia Neville -- The legal professions -- Launching careers in law: entry to first jobs after law school / Fiona Kay -- Do gender regimes matter?: converging and diverging career prospects among young French and Swiss lawyers / Isabel Boni-Le Goff, Nicky Le Feuvre, Grégoire Mallard, Eléonore Lépinard & Sandrine Morel -- A life course approach to workplace discrimination and employment : evidence from a U.S. national sample of women and men lawyers / Gabriele Plickert -- Fathers in private law practice in Finland : reconciling work and family life for male lawyers from different generations / Marta Choroszewicz -- Further professions -- 40 years of gender inequality among men and women in high-prestige occupations : does the story differ among the young? / Charlotta Magnusson and Magnus Nermo -- Age-gender relations in the academic profession : putting the challenges of early career academics into context / Jeff Hearn and Liisa Husu -- A young man's game : age and gender in technology jobs / Christianne Marie Corbett -- Women in engineering : experiences of discrimination across age cohort / Tracey L. Adams -- Conclusions -- Conclusion: findings, future research and policy recommendations / Tracey L. Adams and Marta Choroszewicz -- Index.
In der BAMF-Kurzanalyse 1|2021 wird untersucht, wie sich die Lebenssituationen von jungen geflüchteten Frauen und Männern zwischen 2016 und 2018 entwickelt haben. Es werden Veränderungen im Erwerbs-, Bildungs- und Familienstatus der jungen Geflüchteten berücksichtigt. Die Autorin analysierte Daten der ersten drei Erhebungswellen der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten aus den Jahren 2016, 2017 und 2018. Im Zentrum der Kurzanalyse steht die Entwicklung der Lebenssituationen von jungen Geflüchteten, die bei Einreise in Deutschland zwischen 18 und 25 Jahre alt waren. Es werden Umstände und Bedingungen bei Ankunft in Deutschland sowie das Einleben in Deutschland näher betrachtet. Um das Einleben der jungen Geflüchteten in Deutschland zu erfassen, werden neben Entwicklungen im aufenthaltsrechtlichen Status auch Veränderungen in der Wohn- und Familiensituation sowie dem Bildungs- und Erwerbsstatus nachgezeichnet. Zudem wird untersucht, inwieweit sich die Entwicklungen bei jungen Geflüchteten mit denen von gleichaltrigen in Deutschland geborenen jungen Erwachsenen sowie von älteren Geflüchteten ähneln. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie junge geflüchtete Frauen und Männer 2018 ihren Alltag gestaltet haben.
Population ageing and increasing employment rates among women have been well known trends for many years in many countries. This latter development means that the share of couples nearing retirement where both partners are working has been increasing. Surprisingly, little attention has been devoted to studying retirement in a couple context in greater detail. This article addresses the question whether and how couples coordinate their transitions from working life into retirement and which factors to consider when examining (non-)joint retirement patterns. The aim of this article is to improve the understanding of the complex interactions taking place in couple retirement processes that touch on the work and family sphere and to promote areas of future research along these lines. It contributes to the scholarly debate by providing a comprehensive summary of research devoted to studying couple retirement patterns and its antecedents from a life course perspective. To this end, research literature from more than 25 years is taken into account and various conceptual, theoretical and empirical aspects of couple retirement processes are discussed. Readers are provided with an overview of the concept of joint retirement, an idea of how widespread joint retirement is, and which factors to consider when studying retirement timing from a couple perspective.
We examine the association between pathways to retirement and patterns of subjective well-being in Germany. We argue that short-term development of subjective well-being is related to social status changes while long-term development of subjective well-being is related to resources and changes in life circumstances. Importantly, we expect that how a person's social status changes and his/her access to resources post-retirement both depend on the person's specific pathway to retirement, resulting in distinct patterns of subjective well-being post-retirement. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we categorized people as retiring from employment, short- or long-term unemployment, labour market inactivity or due to disability. We then used dual-change score models to compare trajectories of life satisfaction ten years before to ten years after the retirement transition. For people retiring from employment, life satisfaction did not change in the short term but developed more positively in the long term. In comparison, people retiring from unemployment or due to disability experienced a short-term increase in life satisfaction but had more negative long-term trajectories of life satisfaction. We found no retirement-related changes in life satisfaction for people retiring from inactivity. The findings suggest that different pathways to retirement are related to distinct patterns of subjective well-being and highlight the importance of late-life employment biographies for quality of life post-retirement.
In the context of population aging and growing numbers of older workers and older couples, this study examines how educational assortative mating earlier in life is associated with the division of paid work later in life between partners of opposite-sex couples in the Netherlands. We observe 20 years of linked partners' employment trajectories, when the male partners were aged 45–65. This longitudinal and dyadic perspective enables us to examine long-term patterns in couples' division of paid work, including the timing of retirement, beyond snapshots of the division of paid work between partners at specific ages. We consider labor supply and labor demand factors for older workers in connection to cumulative (dis)advantage over the life course and argue that educational assortative mating earlier in life reinforces social inequality between couples later in life. We innovatively apply multichannel sequence and cluster analysis using retrospective data from four waves of the Family Survey Dutch Population (FSDP) for the 1916–1957 birth cohorts. Findings support a typology of five groups of older couples: 1) high-status dual-earners, 2) low-status dual-earners, 3) high-status male breadwinners, 4) low-status male breadwinners and 5) dual-jobless/disabled couples. The male breadwinner clusters are more prevalent overall (53%), but even among these relatively old birth cohorts, a substantial share of couples is in a long-term, stable dual-earner arrangement later in life (41%). The majority of dual-earner couples consists of two high-status earners (24%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis supports that educational assortative mating earlier in life is associated with a polarization into resource-rich high-status dual-earners and resource-poor low-status male breadwinner couples later in life. We conclude that educational assortative mating sets in processes of cumulative (dis)advantage over the life course that leave an enduring imprint on couples' late-life employment trajectories.
