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A dualism in Europe between immigration of European and of non-European origins increasingly characterized the 1970s and the 1980s; i.e., the time span following the phase of the massive labor migration of the 1950s and 1960s after the break marked by the end of active recruitment in 1973–1974. The result was, on the one hand, the integration of a considerable number of immigrants of European origin into the society of the host country. On the other hand, it resulted in the nonintegration of immigrants of non-European origin and their social isolation as well as scenarios of conflict with this group. The consequences of the process of European integration highlighted this dualism. It was beneficial for most of the immigrants of European origin in terms of improved social and legal status and especially in terms of free movement. The dualism was likewise emphasized by increasing immigration flows from different parts of the Third World which could be observed in the 1970s and 1980s.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- About This Book -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Dynamics, Risks and Opportunities of Digitalization: An Introduction -- 1 Lessons from Central/Eastern and Southern Europe -- 2 The Internet and Democracy -- 3 Concerns About Democracy in the Digital Age -- References -- 2 E-Voting and Transformation of Participation in Europe: Exploring the Profile of E-Voters in Poland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ICT and Transformation of Participation: Participation-E-Participation-E-Voting -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Europe -- 4.2 Poland -- 5 Conclusions and Questions -- References -- 3 YouTube and Traditional Media: Polarization in the Catalan Political Conflict -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Findings -- 4 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- 4 Digital (and Traditional) Media Usage in Spanish Electoral Campaigns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The "Non-Campaign" and the "Non-Elections" on the Internet in the 2020 "Spring" Presidential Election Campaign in Poland -- 1 Introduction: The Internet as an Electoral Communication Channel -- 2 Election Campaign During the Epidemic -- 3 Research and Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Exploring the Role of New Media in Evolution of Political Rivalry in Poland-Evidences from Presidential Elections from 1995 to 2015 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 The Use of ICT in the Citizens' Legislative Initiative in Poland: State of Art and Proposals for Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Legal Status -- 3 Proposed Amendments -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Political Participation in the Internet Age: Mobile Applications as Tools Determining Political Activity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Current State of Research.

This book explores the digital transformations of democracy and democratic societies. It examines the various challenges posed by these transformations in the context of political practice and to theoreticians of democracy and political communication. The authors present studies from different countries, related to various effects of digitalization processes. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: Innovation in civil society research, new forms of civic participation, new dimensions of democratization and local governance processes, political changes and public participation, civic and political activities, political campaigning or other phenomenon driven by the implementation of information and communications technology (ICT) into politics. Therefore, the book is a must-read for all scholars and researchers of political science, practitioners, and policy-makers, interested in a better understanding of digital politics, digitalization processes, and democracy in general.