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Lately there have been works that show that Kant bases human rights on innate freedom as the only innate right that man has by virtue of his humanity. However, innate freedom cannot justify a theory of human rights because it is only an innate right over my inner self that allows for empirical possession, and although a human right is inalienable, it must be renounced in order to enter the world; Moreover, the four analytical derivations of innate freedom generate consequences that are incompatible with a human rights doctrine, for as human rights refer to all, innate equality and innate independence apply to a limited number of people; Finally, there is a differentiation in the interpretation of humanity's formula in law and ethics, because, subjectively, treating humanity as an end requires the agent to consider that the end of humanity is the motive of his action in ethics, but in law it is only required that its external behavior be in accordance with the end of humanity, and objectively, in law, treating humanity as an end produces criminal law contrary to human rights and the law of humanity requires that innate integrity be suspended during the period of condemnation, furthermore, this differentiation in the idea of ​​humanity becomes explicit in innate imprehensibility, for in ethics lie is the greatest violation of the duty of humanity in his person, but in law only violates the right of humanity if it causes harm to others.

Cover -- Occhiello -- Dedica -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Table of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- 1. Introduction to the Human Right to Life -- 2. The Reach of the ECtHR's Jurisdiction -- 3. The Obligation to Protect 'Everyone's Right to Life' by Law -- 4. Death Penalty: From Permission to Prohibition -- 5. Permitted Uses of Lethal Force -- Appendices -- Select Bibliography.

In this article we try to show the troublesome relation between biopolitcs, biopower and human rights in Michel Foucault. The notion of right is a classical notion, insofar as it pertains to the juridical conception of politics and to the techniques of sovereign power. On the other side, the idea of the human animal as human being appears only in Modernity, within the different dispositives that constitute what Foucault called the modern biopower. Therefore, talking of human rights one puts together the idea of right and the idea of human being, i.e. two notions belonging to two historically distinct techniques of power. In the awareness of this distinction, one has to question why Foucault, in face of what was going on in his days, did nevertheless appeal – against governments – to the rights of those who are governed. Classical right may have nothing to do with biopolitics; however with regard to the so-called human rights we cannot claim the same.

In the current debate on human rights, the political conception is attractive in its ability to try to find solutions to the central questions and problems, which the orthodox conception has difficulties in solving, because of its own nature (the political formulation of human rights) it does not need a moral foundation that is independent of the recognition established by international law and practice. On the one hand, it is necessary to recognize that the current practice and the international doctrine consider human rights as tools addressed, mainly, to establish the limits of the legitimate sovereignty of the state, thus, recognizing the plausibility of the political conception. On the other hand, the article intends to show that this specific function, while important, should not exhaust all that human rights perform. Therefore, the political conception runs the serious risk of weakening the normative force of human rights and conflating two different agendas, that of human rights and that of global justice. To go through this argument, first of all, the article presents the contemporary genesis of the political conception of human rights based on the work of John Rawls. Secondly, it focuses on the reformulation given by Raz and Beitz's approaches. Finally, in the third section, I criticize three main assumptions which ground the current paradigm of political conception of human rights.

This article intends to approach, for a philosophical bias, the problem of Human Rights enunciated in Declarations of the XVIII and XX centuries. The basic question is human rights based on the "ideal of humanity" or "human dignity", considering two ideas: 1) the paradox of the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' and the notion that one feels only a human "With guaranteed rights someone who sees himself contemplated in the legal scope of a nation. 2) Humanity as a "great family" (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948), and the world as "great nation". Therefore, we promote in this work a debate between three thinkers: Diderot, with his notion of the general will of the human race; Rousseau, with his refutation of Diderot's thesis, denying that there is a "natural or general society among men"; And Kant, who in his 'Perpetual Peace', in his own way, takes up the notion of cosmopolitanism denied by Rousseau and points to the possibility of the right to extend to all mankind.

Preliminary Material /H.-C. Günther and A.A. Robiglio -- Introduction /H.-C. Günther -- Chapter I. Haben die Wörter "人 (ren, Mensch)\' in der Frühlings- und Herbstzeit/im Zeitalter der Kämpfenden Reiche (770–221 volumes Chr) sowie "homme\' im neuzeitlichen und modernen Französischen stets die umfassende Bedeutung "Mensch" im Sinne der Universalen Erklärung der Menschenrechte vom 10. Dezember 1948? /Harro von Senger -- Chapter II. Der Mensch Zwischen Selbsterkenntnis und Erkenntnis des Selbst in buddhistisch-christlicher Perspektive /Michael Fuss -- Chapter III. Gottesebenbildlichkeit und Gottesstellvertreterschaft in islamischen Menschenrechtsbegründungen /L. Richter-Bernburg -- Chapter IV. Das stoische Gesetz der Natur und seine Rezeption bei Cicero /Robert Bees -- Chapter V. La donna romana, fra vita reale e letteratura /Paolo Fedeli -- Chapter VI. Enea e Turno: il duello finale /Paolo Fedeli -- Chapter VII. Das Leiden der Liebe: Zur Unveränderlichkeit und Leidensfähigkeit des christlichen Gottes /Markus Enders -- Chapter VIII. Humanization In Late Antique And Byzantine Philosophy /Dominic J. O' Meara -- Chapter IX. Individual Rights And Common Good: Henry Of Ghent And The Scholastic Origins Of Human Rights /Pasquale Porro -- Chapter X. Aristotelian \'Scientia\' And The Medieval \'Artes\' /Charles Lohr -- Chapter XI. Nicholas Of Cusa And The Anthropology Of Peace /Paul Richard Blum -- Chapter XII. Giordano Bruno's Criticism Of Globalization /Elisabeth Blum -- Chapter XIII. La dignité de l'homme chez Dante: une question preliminaire /Andrea A. Robiglio -- Chapter XIV. Figuren des Menschen bei Dante: Ulisse /Ruedi Imbach -- Chapter XV. Dante's Commedia And Goethe's Faust. Similarities And Differences /Vittorio Hösle -- Chapter XVI. A Jesuit Comedy On The Morality Of Soldiers /Paul Richard Blum -- Chapter XVII. Kunst und Technik Bei Martin Heidegger /Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann -- Chapter XVIII. Martin Heideggers Auslegung des Menschen als Zoon logon echon bei Aristoteles /Bodgan Minca -- Chapter XIX. Sein Zum Tode: Tolstoj Versus Heidegger /Tatiana Shchyttsova -- Chapter XX. Europe Between Agony And Hope: Christianity, History And Violence In María Zambrano /Giusi Strummiello -- Chapter XXI. Intergeneratives oder gemeinschaftliches Leben? Eine radikalphänomenologische Skizze /Rolf Kühn -- Chapter XXII. Brain-Computer-Interface (BCI) In Paralysis /Niels Birbaumer , Ander Ramos Murguialday , Moritz Wildgruber and Leonardo G. Cohen -- Chapter XXIII. Intelligent Technical Systems: Can They Surpass Human Skills? /Dieter Roller -- List Of Contributors /H.-C. Günther and A.A. Robiglio -- Index /H.-C. Günther and A.A. Robiglio.

This 45th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR or the Commission), which was presented to the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in accordance with Article 54 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Charter or the Charter), covers the period from 10 May to 13 November 2018. It highlights, among others: the statutory and other institutional meetings of the Commission; the status of State reporting; Resolutions adopted by the Commission; the human rights complaints before the Commission; the various interventions of the Commission on human rights issues including Urgent Appeal Letters, Press Releases and Letters of Appreciation; the human rights situation on the continent; financial, staffing and operational matters of the Commission; implementation of the Recommendations of the Executive Council and Recommendations to the different stakeholders.