Suchergebnisse

The Single European Market (SEM) represents the final stage in the
process of economic integration of trade in goods and services and the
free movement of individuals in the European Community (EC). The
discussion of the benefits of the SEM has been concentrated primarily on
the extent to which the elimination of non‐tariff barriers will lead to
greater economic efficiency. The progress in the creation of a single
labour market within the EC is reviewed and the relationship between
labour mobility and migration in order to assess the impact of the free
movement of labour. It is argued that internal migration will generally
fall due to the free mobility of capital. Where labour embodies
significant human capital however, migration is expected to rise in
response to the removal of barriers.

The extent to which there can be pan-European labor market regulation is examined. It is suggested that while the single European market (SEM) is intended to create pressure for deregulation, a "social charter" has been proposed that would counteract any destabilizing effects. Ongoing changes in Eastern Europe & variations of economic systems are cited as factors that could further disrupt regulation efforts. Conclusions emphasize the detrimental effects the SEM could have on the development of a solid foundation for European economies. 90 References. L. Baker

Abstract. Labour market regulation in the 1980s was subject to transnational pressures for deregulation, especially in the form of 'flexibilisation'. The 'Single European Market' project (SEM) promises further development in this direction. At the same time, proposals for a 'Social Charter' are meant to introduce a European level of regulation to counteract the SEM's potential destabilizing consequences. However, regulatory disputes and pressures contrary to convergence are likely to be intensified by the SEM. Still further uncertainty will be created by changes in Eastern Europe, as well as by greater opportunities for cross‐border production shifts. Neoliberal and neocorporatist variants of the 'competition state' will be increasingly at odds at both state and Community level, with the future of 'social Europe' at stake. To the extent that market integration means a globalisation of the European economy, it may effectively disintegrate its component parts, dividing those which have more solid foundations for growth ‐ the well‐regulated, high pay/high productivity areas ‐ from those which do not. The market logic of the Single European Market programme will manifestly contradict the efforts of the Community to avoid this future.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures and Maps -- Preface -- Abbreviations and European Union Programmes -- Map of Priority Projects -- 1 Trans-European networks: Origins and History -- From Rome to Raj to Reich -- History of infrastructure policy in the European Union -- The emergence of modern TENs: from Action Plan to the Treaty on European Union -- 2 Trans-European Networks as a Tool of European Integration -- The nature of the TENs programme and the emerging network economy -- Key themes in the TENs programme -- TENs, the SEM and EMU -- Industrial policy and the competitive environment -- Vocational training -- Knowledge networks -- Social and economic cohesion -- TENs and the environment -- External aspects of TENs -- 3 Trans-European Transport Networks -- The evolution of transport TENs policy -- Transport trends -- Rail -- Roads -- Civil aviation -- Inland waterways -- Maritime sector -- Combined transport -- Telematics, traffic management and TENs -- Finance of transport TENs -- Social and economic cohesion -- Links with third countries -- Conclusion -- 4 Trans-European Telecommunication Networks -- Establishing a role for the EU in telecommunications infrastructure -- Towards TENs: developing a strategy and establishing priorities -- Telematics for administrations (TEN-IDA) -- TEN-ISDN: the new public network -- European policy towards the development of the ISDN -- Progress towards E-ISDN themes and issues -- TEN-IBC -- A strategy for TEN-IBC -- TENs and the information society -- Conclusion -- 5 Trans-European Energy Networks -- The evolution of trans-European energy network policy -- The electricity network -- The gas network -- New moves towards energy TENs -- Energy network challenges -- The Former Soviet Union and the Energy Charter Treaty -- The Mediterranean region -- Conclusion.

Reseña de la comunicación presentada en el EUG VII European Union Geosciences (Estrasburgo, Francia, 4-8 abril 1993) ; Althoug superposition of retrograde metamorphic events on higher, prograde assemblages is universally recognized and accepted for greenschist facies and higher grade metamorphic rocks, clay mineral assemblages are generally interpreted within a prograde setting. ; Finnacial support: Project PB022801, Research Group 4065, NSF Project EAR-9104565 ; Peer reviewed

According to the authors, as the Single European Market (SEM) develops into an economic reality it is inevitable that this will have an impact on the world economic order. They believe that the SEM represents both a threat and an opportunity to non-European firms and the potential for European firms' expansion threatens multinationals. The authors examine the implications of the SEM for Asian-Pacific firms. (DÜI-Sen)

The economic activity of the countries which make up the European Union (EU) is being profoundly affected by the advance in the process of integration. The consolidation of the Single European Market (SEM) and the process of transition towards Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) are two elements which affect the economic evolution of all of teh countries and regions of the EU. The impact of this greater economic integration is expected to be reflected with different intensity in each of them, according to their own economic structures and their capacity of adaptation to the necessary convergence. The effect of this process on the development of the regions, in itself already unequal, has caused growing concern about the reinforcement of economic and social cohesion within the EU, as was reflected in the Treaty of the European Union. In this way, the steps taken towards a growing integration are complemented by a greater development of structural policies. The reinforcement of these policies, and in particular of regional policy, confers special importance to the analysis of its instruments, above all, to that of the programs for regional economic incentives. Economic incentive programs constitute one of the most widely used tools of regional policy among the member nations of the EU. Given the fact that this assistance is aimed at companies, it is subject to meet Community regulations on competition and, at the same time, as a measure for regional development, play a role in the attainment of economic and social cohesion. In this paper the most important aspects of this last component will be analyzed in terms of regional assistance in order to then proceed to the study of its effects on the correction of interregional inequality.

Strategies for reducing emissions and depositions in European countries experiences from the elaboration of the Second Sulphur Protocol. / M. Wietschel ... (Prep.). - (EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.8). Flue gas cleaning at German power station: precaution by state of art. / Manfred Hildebrand (Prep.). - (EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.9) Impact of energy conservation, fuel and technology switch on national emission reduction potentials and emission reduction costs. / A. Jattke ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.10) Natural gas processing and operating in Germany. / T. Luebcke (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/11) Reductions of VOC emissions from painting of car bodies. / P. Adler (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/12) Recent developments in emission control technologies and application in the energy sector. / R. Dorn ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/13) Use of selective catalytic reduction process for removal of NOX from the FCCU regenerator flue gas at Scanraff Refinery, Sweden. / Norman Burcher (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/14) Flue gas cleaning at German power station. / Manfred Hildebrand (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/15) Cost-effectiveness of environmental measures in industry. / J. Oonk ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/16) Assessment of the VOC emission generated through the application of organic solvent-based coatings and identification of progressive emission reduction measures for non-regulated coatings plants. / E. Mink ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/17) VOC control technology. / H. Krill (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.18) A review of the options to reduce VOC emissions due to the use of organic solvents. / C. Kippelen-Mollenkopf ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.19 By-product management in the iron and steel industry. / T. Penkuhn ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.20 Absorptive solvent recovery in foil processing. - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.21 Utilization of by-products from coal-fired power plants in the Federal Republic of Germany. / W. vom Berg ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.22 Organizational and technical measures to be taken prior to incineration, to influence the quality and quantity of incineration residues. / P. G. Mast ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.23 The economics of residue management. - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.24 Residues from advanced combustion systems and from non-coal fuels. - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R. 25 Legal instruments for the prevention and recovery of waste. / S. Krieger (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.26 Strategies for reducing emissions of air pollutants in Austria. / K. Radunsky (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.27 Primary reduction of emissions mainly of Nitrogen oxides of stoker grate equipment using the Syncom process. / E. Peppler ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.28 Advanced gas engine cogeneration technology for special applications measures for reducing pollutants. / M. Wagner (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.29 Combined firing of biomass and coal at the power plant St. Andrä. / G. Zellinger (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.30 The new development of new legislation on air pollution abatement in Croatia. / J. Necak ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.31 Experiences with NOx reduction techniques in a natural gas/oil fired power plant. / M. Novak ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.32 Elimination of dioxins by activated carbon flue gas scrubbing. / H. Hofstetter (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.33 The flue gas desulfurisation plant in the Schwechat refinery. / M. Jüttner (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.34 Three effective methods to remove polluting trace elements as dioxins and furans. - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.35 Biological gas desulphurization. / H. Dijkman (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.36 Exhaust emission control concepts for stationary gas engines in Hungary. / Attila Meggyes (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.37 NOx reduction in flue gas from large-size boilers. / K. Remenyi (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.38 VEAG utilisation of power plant materials. / M. Recker ... (Prep.). - EB.AIR/SEM.3/R.39 Primary and secondary measures to reduce emissions from existing VEAG lignite-fired power plants

European Community (EC) development cooperation is regionally diversified to ACP (African, Caribbean, Pacific), Mediterranean, & nonassociated countries in Latin America & Asia. Emphasis here is on ACP-countries who have signed the Lome-convention, analyzing its contents & effects on Third World countries -- especially the new measures of Lome IV. EC trade policy gives somewhat preferential treatment to developing countries, but only as long as European interests are not concerned. Three examples (textiles, bananas, & toys) show that the proposed 1992 Single European Market (SEM) could turn out to be a "fortress" against the Third World. EC agricultural policy also harms the Third World, by food aid, subsidies on agricultural exports, & high demand for animal feed. The tendency of the SEM is to intensify processes of concentration & centralization of capital. Western companies & banks are at least partially to blame for the Third World debt crisis. However, the EC -- contrary to its economic power & responsibility -- hardly engages in debt management or reduction. The shift of Western economic interests toward the East will certainly affect the South: the German-Polish border will either become a border between the First & Third World or the East will participate in the exploitation of the South. Seen from the angle of development policy, Austria should not become a member of the EC as it is (& as is the intention of the government): by doing so, Austria would join in a development policy where one hand takes more than the other one gives. AA

IN PORTUGAL'S INTERACTIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU), TWO INTERTWINED PROCESSES, WHICH SEEM TO HAVE A SPILLOVER EFFECT UPON ONE ANOTHER, HAVE BEEN AT WORK. THE FIRST PROCESS IS THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF PORTUGAL SINCE THE MID-1970'S. THE SECOND IS THAT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, WHICH WAS CRUCIAL FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF PORTUGUESE DEMOCRACY DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PLAYED A MONITORING ROLE. THE FIRST PERIOD WAS MARKED BY THE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. ALTHOUGH PARLIAMENT PARTICIPATED IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, IT WAS NOT A DOMINANT ACTOR DUE TO THE INEXPERIENCE OF THE MP'S, THE LACK OF INFORMATION, AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTABILITY. THE SECOND PHASE, AFTER 1986 UNTIL THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SEM, GRADUALLY TRANSFORMED THE ATTITUDE OF THE MP'S. THE PREVIOUS PROBLEMS WERE OVERCOME, AND PARLIAMENTARY WORK BECOME MORE PROFESSIONALIZED AND MORE ROUTINE. BUT IT WAS ONLY IN 1992 THAT THE PARLIAMENTARY ELITE BEGAN TO BE MORE ACTIVE IN THE PROCESS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION IN PORTUGAL. INSTITUTIONALLY, THE PORTUGUESE PARLIAMENT HAS DEVELOPED A MORE EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION. THE COMMITTEE OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS IS NOW QUITE EXPERIENCED AND INCLUDES WELL-QUALIFIED EUROPEANISTS WHO UNDERSTAND THE EU'S INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.

My first encounter with Hans Rosenberg was in the fall semester of 1952 when I switched from evening classers to day sessions full-time at Brooklyn College. His presence in the classroom was both fascinating and intimidating. He constantly took pains to engage each student in the room, and he still serves me as a model of teaching-effectiveness. Short and slightly pudgy but with ramrod posture, he had an expressive, unusually lively face and a profoundly serious but good-natured demeanor; he spoke with a slight impediment, with the heavy accent of his native Rhineland, and with an English vocabulary that was dazzling in scope. He was the epitome of the learned European professor, respected and esteemed by his colleagues. Some of his reputation as a teacher who demanded much of himself and of his students had preceded my entry into his class, and had conveyed a picture of a man who often literally got drunk on ideas in front of his students.

The formation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), agreed upon at the Fourth ASEAN Summit in January 1992, reflects both developments within ASEAN and the changing international economic and political environment. Rapid industrialization in all the ASEAN countries has given rise to greater intra-ASEAN trade. Such trade has also become more complementary than competitive. In the international sphere, the emergence of regional trading blocs such as the Single European Market (SEM) and the recently concluded North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also had a major impact on ASEAN's perceptions of a global trading system. Fears of trade and investment diversion, coupled with increasing competition for foreign direct investments, have forced ASEAN to forge closer economic ties amongst its members. This timely volume focuses on the issues concerning the practical aspects of implementation of AFTA, and the ways and means of bringing AFTA to fruition within the 15 year frame. In addition, broader global and regional issues are analysed to provide a more comprehensive discussion of the prospects and problems of AFTA

As relatively competitive segments of Canadian agriculture for which the dominant markets are domestic consumption and exports to the US, the pork, beef, swine and cattle industries can expect to benefit from the combination of the influence of the US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) which became effective in January 1989, its extension to Mexico through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in January 1994, and the provisions relating to agriculture within the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that will start to apply in 1995. From a North American point of view, these agreements contribute to an improved trading environment for agriculture. From the viewpoint of the rest of the world, this is true in principle for GATT, but not necessarily for NAFTA which, like any other trade bloc, has the potential to divert rather than create agricultural trade with the rest of the world. There seems to be some credence to this viewpoint for beef. The major implications of GATT for agriculture are, in brief overview, for a direct increase in agricultural trade opportunities from the requirement to replace import quotas, levies and other trade distorting measures by bound tariffs and reduce these, allied with the requirement for specified levels of import access. The Agriculture Agreement also provides for restraint in export subsidization; the establishment of clearer and more effective world trading rules; and provision of clearer limits on the use of barriers to trade based on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The Canadian red meat sectors potentially should gain from each of these provisions. Specific gains are expected from modest improvements in market access for both pork and beef; reductions in European Union (EU) export subsidization of beef and pork; and clearer and more enforceable world trade rules that may reduce the ability of large trading nations to pursue administrative protection through the application of their national trade policy. Benefits are also expected from the clarification of SPS measures that may apply to trade in animal semen, embryos, livestock, and meats. The largest proportion of Canadian red meat and live animal exports are to the US. In 1993, the US absorbed some 70 percent by value of Canadian pork, hogs and related product exports; Japan accounted for a further 20 percent. The US imports more than 90 percent of Canadian beef and cattle exports. Canadian production of both categories of red meats is relatively small compared to US production levels. The US is, arguably, the world's most powerful trading nation. It is a nation which has actively pursued a concept of fair trade at the expense of free trade (Chase Wilde, Klein and Richter 1990). Thus, from a Canadian perspective, the moves to clarify and strengthen world trading rules may well be the most significant outcome for red meats from both FTA and GATT. The direct effects of GATT on increased market access for red meats include Japan's tariff reductions on beef imports and the lower minimum import prices for pork to be phased in over the implementation period. Improvements in market access for newly industrialized countries are expected. An example is provided by Korea, which will increase its current beef import quota, reduce the state trading agency's consumer markup on beef, and replace these trade barriers by a bound tariff in 2001. The European Union will improve market access by the introduction of a tariff rate quota for pork (including a specific quota for high value products) to replace variable levels. The commitments by the EU to reduce export subsidization of beef and pork from the base of 1986-90 translate to appreciable reductions in the volume of subsidized beef and pork from current levels by year 2000 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1994).