Search results

Published online: 22 Jan 2018 ; Immigrant investor programmes (IIPs) have mushroomed around the world in recent years. Focusing on the EU context, where each Member State has at least one legal mechanism for granting residence or citizenship rights in exchange for investment, this paper has a twofold objective. First, it seeks to develop a typology of IIPs on the grounds of investment amounts and status obligations. Second, the paper applies this typology to map and examine IIPs in the EU. Rather than looking in detail at the politics of investment-based migration in each country, this study identifies general conditions across states that enable different types of IIPs to develop.

Turkey's relationship with the EU is long-standing and this relationship appears to never lead to the membership of Tıırkey to the EU. An important aspects of the EU is cconomic and it has been progressing towards a unique political structure, which cannot be captured completely by any organisational model of international economics, becoming a self-sufficient entity. In light of this, this article aims to seek evidence that Turkey's economy is dependent on the trade with the EU to a great extent, and not necessarily vice versa. The article draws on evidence from the detailed examination of trade relations between Turkey and the EU over a Iong period from both parties' perspectives. it is evident that the EU has been the largest and most important trading partner of Turkcy over the years. As such, it is suggested that Turkey cannot afford to be outside the enlargement process of the EU. Given that the long-standing relationship with Turkey, the EU also has shown willingness to improve its economic relations with Turkey as a useful trading partner.

The European Union has been facing an energy crisis since 2020 that is made worse by the extreme weather in winter and the hasty energy transition across mainland Europe. As the global world demands cleaner energy and renewable energy for all, the EU may have to strategize better to gradually shift from fossil fuel and anticipate the uncertainty and the volatility of renewable energy. This paper will examine the possible cause and sustainable solution to ensure the countries are still able to secure their environmental target, without severe consequences, economically and socially while maintaining their political legitimacy in dealing with Russia. The method used for this research includes a literature review. The outlook of the crisis will be depended on the securitization effort by the EU and solidarity amongst its members. EU will also still require fossil fuels to ease the transition to renewable energy in the coming years.

.This research has a double aim. On the one hand, to introduce the International Insertion Quality (IIQ) construct. On the other hand, to present a classification of the European Union (EU-27) countries to establish which of them have a better IIQ. For this purpose, first, the IIQ construct is presented. Second, the evolution of the exports technological intensity degree of the EU-27 countries between the periods 2001-2003 and 2015-2017 is analyzed. Then, the evolution of the exports' diversification degree, both, by products and by destination markets in the same periods, is studied. This allows to observe in perspective the qualitative changes that have taken place between the two reference periods. In addition, a classification matrix of countries according to their quality of insertion in international trade is presented. The results allow arguing that Germany and France are the countries that have a higher IIQ. Also, there are nations that have a high technological content, but moderate markets diversification and/or products concentration; and other countries that have geographical and/or goods diversification, despite the fact that their exports contain a medium-low-level of technological intensity. This research allows concluding which EU-27 countries should work on their commercial policies to encourage the diversification of their exports and/or the development of products with greater technological content.

28 member states of Europe formed the politico-economic amalgamation called the European Union (EU). It covers an area of 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi), and approximately the estimated population under EU is over 508 million. Under EU an internal single market has been developed through a standardized system of laws which is applicable to all member states. The policies of EU are to make certain free movement of people, goods, technology transfer, capital and services inside the single internal market, enforce legislation in integrity and home affairs, frame and maintain common trade practices and policies, build unanimous agricultural practices etc for overall regional development. Within the boundary of Schengen area, the control of passport controls has been withdrawn. In 1999 a monetary union was established which came into action in 2002, comprising of nineteen EU member states which exercise the common currency Euro (€).Brexit, a portmanteau of the words Britain and exit, it is the nickname for a British exit of the European Union after the June 23, 2016 referendum i.e. 51.9% of the British population voted to leave the union. Pro-Brexit activists have outlined parting the European Union as indispensable to shield or perhaps reinstate, the distinctiveness of UK: its ethnicity, sovereignty and position in the world. This conceptual paper aimed at identification of probable pros and cons of Brexit on Indian economy and markets overall based on some noticeable observations in recent past.

Abstract The circular economy concept is much discussed in the European Union (EU), but only limited progress has been accomplished so far regarding its implementation. Most scholarly studies blame this on various technological barriers. Our work rebuts these studies. We present the first large-N-study on circular economy barriers in the EU (208 survey respondents, 47 expert interviews). We find that cultural barriers, particularly a lack of consumer interest and awareness as well as a hesitant company culture, are considered the main circular economy barriers by businesses and policy-makers. These are driven by market barriers which, in turn, are induced by a lack of synergistic governmental interventions to accelerate the transition towards a circular economy. Meanwhile, not a single technological barrier is ranked among the most pressing circular economy barriers, according to our research. Overall, our work suggests that circular economy is a niche discussion among sustainable development professionals at this stage. Significant efforts need to be undertaken for the concept to maintain its momentum.

This paper analyzes the process of industrial diversification in the countries that were part of the European Union (EU-27) and those that were the target of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in the period 1995–2010 by means of world trade data derived from the BACI database (elaborated UN Comtrade data). Our results show that in both the EU-27 and the ENP countries, the evolution of the productive structure—as proxied by the export mix—is strongly path-dependent: countries tend to keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their current productive structure, and they also diversify in nearby products. However, this effect is much stronger for ENP countries, signalling their lower resources and capabilities to diversify in products that are not very related to their productive structure. We also show that the future export structures of countries are affected by their imports: both the EU-27 and ENP countries keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their imports, but only EU countries show a strong capability to diversify in new products from related import sectors. Our results also hold when controlling for geographical and institutional proximity.

This paper analyzes the process of industrial diversification in the countries that were part of the European Union (EU-27) and those that were the target of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in the period 1995–2010 by means of world trade data derived from the BACI database (elaborated UN Comtrade data). Our results show that in both the EU-27 and the ENP countries, the evolution of the productive structure—as proxied by the export mix—is strongly path-dependent: countries tend to keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their current productive structure, and they also diversify in nearby products. However, this effect is much stronger for ENP countries, signalling their lower resources and capabilities to diversify in products that are not very related to their productive structure. We also show that the future export structures of countries are affected by their imports: both the EU-27 and ENP countries keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their imports, but only EU countries show a strong capability to diversify in new products from related import sectors. Our results also hold when controlling for geographical and institutional proximity.