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The topicality of this issue is related to the fact that the EU is founded on a set of values, including equality. Nowadays the attitude towards women in the society is significantly different from that of men. Unfortunately, inequality does not decline over time. The basic idea of gender equality is to provide both women and men with the same rights, opportunities and conditions for full-fledged development. The article is devoted to the dimensions of the principle of gender equality in the European Union, which is important for Ukraine due to the conditions of European integration. The dimensions of gender equality cover the political, economic, civil, social and cultural spheres of our live activity, including achieving gender equality in employment, equal pay for equal work, gender balance in decision making, harmonization of professional and family life, education and «gender mainstreaming».

That is why research and analysis of gender equality's dimensions in the EU and defining the legal aspects of their regulation are relevant to the legal system of Ukraine. Over the past few decades, the EU has notably worked for equal treatment legislation, gender mainstreaming and specific measures for the advancement of women. Moreover, the EU has defined the following dimensions of gender equality: equal economic independence for women and men; equal pay for work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and ending gender-based violence; and promoting gender equality beyond the EU.

The dimension of gender equality is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and the inequality is not perpetuated. Although the EU has achieved positive results in protecting human rights, the work is still continuing in this direction. The idea of gender equality is an integral part of equality as a general principle, development and peace in the world. Without this principle, it is impossible to establish

the basis for democracy, freedom, justice and tolerance. Recently, the principle of gender equality is getting paramount importance for Ukraine, as one of the conditions for successful European integration.

Роботу виконано на кафедрі міжнародної інформації ВДУ ім. Лесі Українки ; Аналізуються основні напрями промислової та технологічної політики ЄС. Подано дані офіційної статистики ЄС. Розкрито завдання та проблеми даної галузі.

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the disintegration processes at the current stage of European Union development and the consequences to which they can lead. As a result of the study, it was found that the European Union is experiencing not the best times today, and was described the challenges faced by the member states that have an impact on the future of the integration process. The reasons for the emergence disintegration tendencies were identified, the main of which are migration problems, significant contributions of developed countries to the EU budget compared with the small benefit for them, the activation of nationalist movements across the continent. It is determined that a number of problems of a political, economic and ideological nature create obstacles to the successful development of globalization processes in the European space. It was found that the exit from the European Union of some major economies such as Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, will result in significant losses not only in the economies of the countries listed, but also in the macroeconomic indicators of the association, and may lead to a change in the place and role of the Union in the world economy and the prospects for its development. ; Цель статьи заключается в анализе дезинтеграционных процессов на современном этапе развития Европейского Союза и последствий, к которым они могут привести. В результате исследования установлено, что Европейский Союз сегодня переживает не лучшие времена, и определены вызовы, стоящие перед государствами-членами и влияющими на будущее интеграционного образования. Выявлены причины появления дезинтеграционных тенденций, главными из которых являются миграционные проблемы, значительный вклад развитых стран в бюджет ЕС по сравнению с небольшой пользой для них, активизация националистических движений на всем континенте. Определено, что ряд проблем политического, экономического и идеологического характера создают препятствия на пути успешного развития глобализационных процессов на ...

The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of the migration policy of the European Union. The author describes this problem using the example of separate country, namely Germany. Germany is one of the most attractive countries for refugees, because of its high standard of living, social insurance system and multiculturalism policy. The author claims that Germany accepted the largest number of refugees among all other EU countries, which led to internal conflicts and necessity for reforming migration policy. The ineffectiveness of the Dublin system, the disagreement between Member States about division of migrants, the dissatisfaction of the population with government and, as a consequence, the rise in popularity of far-right sentiment in Europe, were the main reasons for changing the EU's approach to refugee policy and reforming the entire migration system. From 2015 to 2018, there were attempts by EU Member States to come up with a joint action plan to overcome the negative effects of the migration crisis. The author emphasizes two stages in the reforming of the system. First stage was lasting from April to October 2015 and was connected with first attempts of reforming. It was proposed to introduce a quota system, but not all states agreed with it. Also at the Valletta Migration Summit EU and African leaders signed an agreement on joint migration action, as well as in the framework of the EU-Turkey Action Plan aimed at halting the migration flow to Europe and combating illegal migration. The author says that EU actions within this period can be characterized as responding to current problems and finding possible ways and strategies for solution of the migration crisis. On the second stage decisions were made not so much with the aim of solving current problems, but with the aim of creating a more efficient system of migration legislation on the European level as a whole. During this period EU concluded agreement with Turkey on measures of illegal migrants. In conclusion the author says that ...

The EU security policy is an inseparable part of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy elaborated within the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy. Sucurity and defence issues are quite vulnerable for any state sovereignty that is why it took Member Statets rather long time to agree on principles, directions and priorities of their common security policy as well as on cooperation with the NATO. With the development of the European Community, in the sphere of security policy a number of structures were established and anumber of principled documents were adopted. The article researches the evolution of the EU security policy influenced by external cgallenges and threats ; Політика безпеки ЄС є невід'ємною частиною Спільної політики безпеки й оборони ЄС у межах Спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики Союзу. Питання безпеки й оборони є досить вразливими для суверенітету кожної держави, тому узгодження принципів, напрямів і пріоритетів спільної безпекової політики й співпраці з НАТО зайняло тривалий час. З розвитком Європейської Спільноти створено низку структур й прийнято принципові документи у сфері політики безпеки. У статті досліджено еволюцію політики безпеки ЄС, яка розроблялася під впливом зовнішніх викликів та загроз

In a relatively short time the Internet has become one of the main and the most important media of our times. The increasing number of users, as well as the growth of its role and importance in almost every aspect of social and economic life have led in recent years to the intensification of the discussion on the future of the Internet and the way it should be governed. From the very beginning the Internet developed bottom-up without a decision-making center responsible for its development. There are many organizations in the world operating at local, regional and global levels, that focus on different aspects of its operation and development. This process called "Internet governance" is the process within which governments, information and communication technology (ICT) companies and civil society work together to set standards, values, norms and decisions that shape the way we use the World Wide Web. This article attempts to explain this phenomenon, shows the origins of the dispute between the supporters of the multistakeholder model of the Internet governance. It also presents the proposals of some states to strengthen the role of governments in this process and presents the position of the European Union, which in this discussion may play a key role as a mediator in the debate about the future of the Internet governance. ; Internet w stosunkowo krótkim czasie stał się jednym z głównych i najistotniejszych mediów naszych czasów. Wzrastająca liczba jego użytkowników, jak również wzrost jego roli i znaczenia w niemalże każdym aspekcie życia społeczno-gospodarczego spowodowały w ostatnich latach nasilenie się dyskusji na temat przyszłości internetu i sposobu w jaki powinien być zarządzany. Internet od samego początku rozwijał się oddolnie bez centralnego ośrodka decyzyjnego. Na świecie funkcjonuje wiele organizacji działających na poziomie lokalnym, regionalnym i globalnym, które skupiają się na różnych aspektach jego działania i rozwoju. Proces nazywany "zarządzanie Internetem" (Internet Governance), to proces, w którym rządy, przedsiębiorstwa z branży technologii informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych oraz społeczeństwo obywatelskie wspólnie wypracowują standardy, wartości, normy i decyzje, które kształtują sposób, w jaki użytkowana jest sieć. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę wyjaśnienia tego zjawiska, przedstawia genezę sporu pomiędzy zwolennikami wielostronnego modelu zarządzania internetem oraz państwami postulującymi wzmocnienie roli rządów w tym procesie oraz prezentuje stanowisko Unii Europejskiej, która może w tej dyskusji odegrać kluczową rolę stając się mediatorem w debacie o przyszłym modelu zarządzania internetem.

The article explores the response of the European Union and Member States to the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodological basis of the research is the case study method. The European Union reacted rather belatedly to the threat of the spread of the virus in Europe, and national governments were disunited and chaotically taking action, which reflects the real picture of integration processes in the EU. ; У статті проводиться аналіз реагування Європейського Союзу та держав-членів на виклики пандемії вірусу COVID-19. Методологічною основою дослідження є метод кейсів. Європейський Союз із запізненням відреагував на загрозу поширення вірусу на теренах Європи, а національні уряди роз'єднано та хаотично приймали запобіжні рішення, що відображає реальну картину інтеграційних процесів у ЄС.

Peacekeeping operations are nowadays an important phenomenon in international relations and especially in conflict-ridden regions. The concept and framework of such operations has been constantly evolving in the past and one of the milestones of this evolution was the fall of the communist system and the end of the cold war. In Europe, this historic moment coincided with establishment by the Maastricht Treaty of the new organism within the process of western Europe's integration: the European Union. Both these facts triggered a reaction of the somewhat passive and hardly visible European defence organisation of the Western European Union. Its Petersberg Declaration of 1992 redefined security and sought to change peace obligations of the member states of WEU, as they accepted a broader responsibility and a broader concept of security in the European region. This was an important first step in making defence integration a part of the mainstream integration process. On the legal basis of the Petersberg Declaration, six operations were carried out. The paper discusses them, showing striking similarities, which actually comprise a special philosophy of intervention by WEU. This philosophy reflects both strengths and weaknesses of WEU's role in the European integration.

Peacekeeping operations are nowadays an important phenomenon in international relations and especially in conflict-ridden regions. The concept and framework of such operations has been constantly evolving in the past and one of the milestones of this evolution was the fall of the communist system and the end of the cold war. In Europe, this historic moment coincided with establishment by the Maastricht Treaty of the new organism within the process of western Europe's integration: the European Union. Both these facts triggered a reaction of the somewhat passive and hardly visible European defence organisation of the Western European Union. Its Petersberg Declaration of 1992 redefined security and sought to change peace obligations of the member states of WEU, as they accepted a broader responsibility and a broader concept of security in the European region. This was an important first step in making defence integration a part of the mainstream integration process. On the legal basis of the Petersberg Declaration, six operations were carried out. The paper discusses them, showing striking similarities, which actually comprise a special philosophy of intervention by WEU. This philosophy reflects both strengths and weaknesses of WEU's role in the European integration.

Ensuring internal security is one of the core objectives of European integration in thecontext of the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice of the EuropeanUnion (E.U.). The aim of the internal security policy of the E.U. is to support MemberStates with regard to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internalsecurity. In the last 20 years in the area of internal security of the E.U. many importantinitiatives, political agendas and legal instruments at the E.U. level have arisen. Thisarticle aims to show the development of the internal security policy of the E.U., its mostimportant guidelines and the challenges in the coming years. ; Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego jest jednym z podstawowych celów integracjieuropejskiej w kontekście tworzenia na terytorium Unii Europejskiej przestrzeni wolności, bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości. Celem polityki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznegoUE jest wspieranie państw członkowskich w zakresie utrzymania porządku publicznegoi ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. W ostatnich 20 latach w obszarze bezpieczeństwawewnętrznego UE odnotowano duże zmiany, zrodziło się wiele inicjatyw, programówpolitycznych oraz instrumentów prawnych na szczeblu Unii. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rozwoju polityki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego UE, jej najważniejszych założeńi wyzwań na nadchodzące lata.

The European Union currently operates three types of competence: exclusive, shared and supporting (complementary and harmonization). For each country, it is very important autonomous power of taxation and the ensuing independence in shaping tax policy. Countries acceding to the European Union, however, have to reckon with the fact that 80 Artur Kuś Studia z Polityki Publicznej since joining will not have a kind of monopoly on the creation of a fully independent and autonomous tax regulations. EU tax law is primarily the proper functioning of the EU internal market. The aim of the tax legislation is mainly provide income for the state. Thus, the main feature of the national tax law is fiscal function and the EU's - the proper functioning of the internal market. EU tax law in the broad sense (sensu largo) is the collection of EU law (primary and secondary) concerning and affecting the tax law of the Member States. EU tax law in the strict sense (sensu stricto) is a set of rules while EU law relating to and used directly in the tax law of the Member States of the EU. In the simplest terms it can be assumed that these are the rules relating to the taxation mainly indirect taxes.

The article entitled "The implementation of economic innovation processes in the Polish economy within the European Union" focuses on the determinants of the socio-economic development of the country, which is economic innovation. It resulted in numerous civilizational changes in the Polish national economy, especially after Poland's accession to the European Union. It turned out that it belongs to those factors which in recent years have marked the development path of our country. Hence, after identifying its concept, an attempt was made to recognize the impact of the processes which constitute it on economic competitiveness and to assess the effects of economic innovation on socio-economic changes in the country. As a result of this decision, numerous civilizational changes took place in the Polish national economy. The issue of innovation has been part of the group which in recent years has marked the development path of our country. Poland has joined the process of implementing a common strategy for supporting innovation and competitiveness. Its principles were laid down in the "Lisbon Strategy" for the first decade of the 21st century and for the Europe 2020 strategy for 2010-2020. Taking into account the problem of economic innovativeness in the context of the title of the target article, it becomes closer to its essence by identifying its concept, recognizing the impact of its processes on economic competitiveness, and assessing the effects of economic innovations on socio-economic changes in the country during the period of Poland's integration with the Union European.

The first part of the article deals with questions concerning the oncoming enlargement of the European Union by former eastern-bloc countries such as Poland, Hungary, the Czech and Slovakian Republics, Romania, Bulgaria as well as Slovenia and the three Baltic states. It focuses upon the "europe-Treaties" which the European Union has concluded or is going to conclude the countries obove. The question being raised is whether these treaties can be regarded as sufficient preparation for future membership in the European Union. The treaties' specific deficiencies, such as the existence of a safeguard-clause, as well as the exclusion of a unitary competition right and of the agrarian market are mentioned. The enormous differences between the GDP per capita of the most advances Vysehrad-countries and least developed members of the European Union, as well as the non-compatible structure of these countries' national economies are expected to cause extraordinary problems of adjustment. Furthermore the question is raised if the option of further integration without membership would not be a viable alternative for the oncoming 8 to 10 years. The second part of the article deals with the future perspective of an enlarged Union. First the specific three-structure of the Union is described; the Union being characterized as a "compound" of supranational and intergovernmental elements. Questions concerning the oncoming reforms of the institutions are raised. Furthermore, the article deals with the aspect of a guiding principle for future political development of the Union. The Author concludes that the idea of a European State cannot be regarded as a realistic perspective for the oncoming decades. The objective of a general supranationalisation in the field of European cooperation would inevitably lead to a fundamental conflict with the principles of democracy; this being due to the lack of a unitary European nation as the sovereign and the subject of democracy. A mixed structural "compound" not unlike the present three-pillared structure is therefore the only realistic alternative in the foreseeable furure. Moreover the entire process of cooperation demands a stronger diversification in that not all members have to participate in all fields of integration at the same time. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

Theoretical principles of "bioeconomy" determination in the European Union are considered. The main attention is paid for factors which influenced the development of bioeconomy. ; Розглянуто теоретичні засади визначення терміна біоекономіки в Європейському Союзі. Акцентовано увагу на чинниках, які вплинули на розвиток біоекономіки.