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The purpose of the article was to study the experience of self-governance of lawyers in the countries of the European Union EU. On the basis of this material recommendations aimed at improving the advocacy system are provided. Achieving the set goal involved the resolution of the following tasks: a) to reveal the mechanism of functioning of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries and identify its universal features, and; b) to determine the main models of the system of self-government of lawyers in the EU countries. The scope of the study was constituted by public rules, regulated by law, arising in the provision of legal services in the application of the legal profession and the implementation by representatives of its bodies of the right to self-government. The methodological basis of the study consists of general and specific research methods. It is concluded that, the manifestation of the principle of independence of the legal profession and the guarantee of full functioning of the self-governing bodies of bar associations in the EU countries consists in ensuring the freedom of their activities within the legality and its implementation in practice.

The article analyzes the effectiveness of preventive anti-corruption measures in the countries of the European Union EU. The study involved comparison and forecasting methods. The results showed that the EU is leading its efforts to develop anti-corruption legislative initiatives and their implementation at national and international level. Whistle-blower protection laws adopted in EU countries are important tools for exposing illegal activities committed in organizations. Transparency of public administration in Denmark and Finland contributes to the maintenance of moral and legal standards in society. The Danish Code of Conduct in the Public Sector and the Finnish Anti-Corruption Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises have become documents that help promote corruption-free business relationships. The Finnish Harmaa (gray) project is an example of how data analytics helps law enforcement agencies process large volumes of data to prevent corruption offenses. It is concluded that the initiatives of EU countries to prevent corruption of officials can become an example for Ukraine during post-war recovery.

Türkiye'de laiklik, cumhuriyetin değişmez bir niteliği ve özel öneme sahip bir ilkesidir, ancak Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinden farklı bir uygulamaya sahiptir. Türkiye'nin AB'ne üyelik sürecinde laikliğin nasıl etkileneceği ve Türkiye'de uygulanma biçimiyle laikliğin bu süreçte ne gibi tartışma ve açılımlara yol açacağı araştırılması gereken önemli konulardan biridir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde uygulanan laiklikle Türkiye'de uygulanan laikliğin karşılıklı analizi yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. ; Secularism in Turkey is a permanent characteristic of the republic and a principle of special importance, while there is different understanding and implementation of secularism in the European Union countries. Therefore, the questions of how the understanding of secularism, as it is implemented in Turkey will be affected by Turkey's integration process to the EU and what kind of debates might take place as a result should be addressed. This study makes a comparative analysis of the implementation of secularism in Turkey and in the European Union.

The aim of this article was to study innovative technologies and tools in the context of the introduction of crime analysis tools used in the countries of the European Union EU, to the Ukrainian practice. The research involved the following methods: statistical analysis, induction and deduction, classification and comparison. The study described the legally enshrined powers of the Ukrainian police with respect to information and analytical activities. Current trends in the number of criminal offenses committed in Ukraine under separate articles were determined, and these trends were compared before and after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On National Police". The introduction of the latest means of criminal analysis into Ukrainian practice was also studied. The conclusions established that the technologies used by EU countries can increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine, provided that certain adaptation measures are implemented. Moreover, the results obtained during the research can be used by law enforcement agencies to improve and optimize crime analysis.

La práctica deportiva es una actividad que se recomienda para mantener y promocionar la salud y los buenos hábitos. Sin embargo puede acarrear un riesgo importante de lesiones. Este estudio presenta, mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante, la relación que existe entre la tipo de lesiones, lugares del cuerpo donde se producen, los deportes más populares; fútbol, baloncesto, voleibol, y gimnasia, edad y países donde se practica, tomando datos de cinco países de la Unión Europea. Si relacionamos estas características entre sí, podemos elaborar estrategias específicas al tipo de deporte y país donde se practica, con el objeto de mejorar la prevención y poder disminuir la cantidad de lesiones que se producen. ; Participation in sports is a health promotion activity and maintains good habits that entail an important injury risk. The present article is a study using Multivariatye Analysis, the relationship between type of injury, location of injury, the most popular sports; soccer, basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, county where it has been practiced and age, in five European Union countries. With these relationships, we can develop specific strategies to improve prevention and to reduce the injuries that occur.

The European Union has been pursuing the policy aimed at achieving equality between women and men for a long time. The adoption of the Law "On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men" is an important step forward. However, the aspects of the control of compliance with the legislation in the field of gender policy remain poorly advanced and need to be adapted following the experience of developed European countries. The aim of this article was to outline the legislative mechanism for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men, and to compare it with European legislative experience and practice. During the research, the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction and comparative analysis were used. As a result of the research, the mechanism for ensuring equal rights and opportunities in Ukraine was determined; the bodies, institutions and organizations empowered in the specified area were described along with the main aspects of gender equality legislation in Ukraine. It is concluded that government officials can use the results obtained during the research to improve some legislative aspects of control over gender policy implementation.

This research consists of a descriptive and comparative study of the educational legislation in music education, in primary education and in the academic training of teachers of the area. The study considers evaluations carried out by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, International Programs for Student Evaluation (PISA), and sectoral organizations, such as teachers' unions. For this purpose, a study in which a systematic bibliographic review of the current educational situation was conducted. The resulting information showed that both, the teaching of students and the academic training of specialist teachers have been treated unequally in the different European countries studied, despite the main and general guidelines given by the European Commission on Education and training. ; El presente estudio comprende un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de la legislación educativa en las enseñanzas de la música, tanto en Educación Primaria, como en la formación de los profesores de dicha enseñanza. Se considera las valoraciones realizadas a nivel europeo por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), la UNESCO, los Programas Internacionales para la Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA), y organizaciones sectoriales, como los sindicatos de enseñanza. Para dicho objetivo, se realizó un estudio en el que se hizo una revisión sistemática bibliográfica de la situación educativa actual. Se encontró información que puso de manifiesto que tanto la enseñanza a los alumnos, como la formación del profesorado especialista, han sido tratadas de forma desigual en los diferentes países europeos estudiados, a pesar de las líneas maestras y generales dadas por la Comisión Europea en Educación y Formación.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) tam üyelik sürecinde rekabet politikası başlığı altında yer alan devlet yardımı kavramı açıklanmaya çalışmıştır. Daha sonra devlet yardımı kavramının AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye'deki yapısı ile parasal büyüklükleri ele alınmıştır. Son olarak da ülkemiz mevzuatında yer alan devlet yardımlarının AB'ye tam üyelik süresinde AB mevzuatına uyumu ve yaşanması muhtemel sorunlara yer verilmiştir. ; The present study aims to explain the concept of state aid under the title of competition policy in the process of Turkey's full membership to the European Union. The structure of the concept of state aid in European Union countries and Turkey, as well as the relevant figures, was investigated. Finally, harmonisation of state aids in Turkey's legislation with the European Union legislation in the process of full membership and potential problems were discussed herewith.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) tam üyelik sürecinde rekabet politikası başlığı altında yer alan devlet yardımı kavramı açıklanmaya çalışmıştır. Daha sonra devlet yardımı kavramının AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye'deki yapısı ile parasal büyüklükleri ele alınmıştır. Son olarak da ülkemiz mevzuatında yer alan devlet yardımlarının AB 'ye tam üyelik süresinde AB mevzuatına uyumu ve yaşanması muhtemel sorunlara yer verilmiştir. ; The present study aims to explain the concept of state aid under the title of competition policy in the process of Turkey's full membership to the European Union. The structure of the concept of state aid in European Union countries and Turkey, as well as the relevant figures, was investigated. Finally, harmonization of state aids in Turkey's legislation with the European Union legislation in the process of full membership and potential problems were discussed herewith.

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie relacji pomiędzy wydarzeniami, które miały miejsce na Ukrainie w 2014 roku i latach następnych, a zmianami w politykach obronnych wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej. Autor zakłada, że przynajmniej część z państw należących do Unii Europejskiej zmieniła swoją politykę obronną. Ograniczyła redukcję wydatków obronnych, a nawet rozpoczęła ich zwiększanie. Szczególnie w państwach graniczących z Federacją Rosyjską. Weryfikację tej hipotezy można przeprowadzić w oparciu o publikowane w latach 2014–2017 białe księgi obronności, lub dokumenty o tożsamym charakterze. Ponadto poprzez wskazanie działań (lub ich braku) realizowanych przez rządy państw zgodnie z przyjętymi założeniami. Za właściwą perspektywę badawczą uznano podejście neorealistyczne. ; The aim of the article is to identify and analyse the relationship between events in Ukraine in 2014 and changes in defense policies of selected European Union countries. The author assumes that at least some of the countries belonging to the European Union have changed their defense policy. They limited the reduction of defense expenditures and even started to increase them. Especially countries bordering on the Russian Federation. Verification of this hypothesis can be carried out on the basis of defense white papers published in 2014–2017 or similar documents. Moreover, by analyse of the actions which have been taken to implement the adopted assumptions. The neorealistic approach was considered to be the right research perspective.

The aim of the article is to identify and analyse the relationship between events in Ukraine in 2014 and changes in defense policies of selected European Union countries. The author assumes that at least some of the countries belonging to the European Union have changed their defense policy. They limited the reduction of defense expenditures and even started to increase them. Especially countries bordering on the Russian Federation. Verification of this hypothesis can be carried out on the basis of defense white papers published in 2014–2017 or similar documents. Moreover, by analyse of the actions which have been taken to implement the adopted assumptions. The neorealistic approach was considered to be the right research perspective. ; Celem artykułu jest wskazanie relacji pomiędzy wydarzeniami, które miały miejsce na Ukrainie w 2014 roku i latach następnych, a zmianami w politykach obronnych wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej. Autor zakłada, że przynajmniej część z państw należących do Unii Europejskiej zmieniła swoją politykę obronną. Ograniczyła redukcję wydatków obronnych, a nawet rozpoczęła ich zwiększanie. Szczególnie w państwach graniczących z Federacją Rosyjską. Weryfikację tej hipotezy można przeprowadzić w oparciu o publikowane w latach 2014–2017 białe księgi obronności, lub dokumenty o tożsamym charakterze. Ponadto poprzez wskazanie działań (lub ich braku) realizowanych przez rządy państw zgodnie z przyjętymi założeniami. Za właściwą perspektywę badawczą uznano podejście neorealistyczne.

Existe una extensa literatura que muestra la relación del rendimiento académico con otras variables de carácter contextual. El análisis secundario de los resultados correspondientes al rendimiento en PISA 2015 ha permitido clasificar los países de la Unión Europea en dos niveles diferenciados. Se ha estudiado también, a nivel nacional, el grado de relación entre el rendimiento y variables contextuales como el nivel socio económico, los indicadores de escolarización, los recursos destinados a la educación y la cultura organizativa y gobierno de los centros. Posteriormente, tras seleccionar aquellas que correlacionan en mayor medida con el rendimiento, se han contrastado los efectos de las variables contextuales en la diferenciación de países de alto y bajo rendimiento a través de un modelo de regresión logística. Los resultados muestran el papel de algunas de las variables consideradas, destacando el nivel económico del país y la implicación de los padres en la toma de decisiones. A modo de conclusión, se formulan una serie de recomendaciones que permitirían avanzar hacia la mejora del rendimiento y lograr la convergencia educativa entre los países de la UE. ; Extensive literature exists which shows the relation between academic performance and other variables of a contextual nature. A secondary analysis of the results corresponding to performance in PISA 2015 has enabled us to classify European Union countries into two different levels. The degree of relation between performance and contextual variables such as socioeconomic level, schooling indicators, resources allocated to education and organizational culture and school governance has also been studied at a national level. Subsequently, after selecting the variables that correlate the most with performance, the effects of the contextual variables on the differences of countries with high and low performance have been measured using a logistic regression model. Results show the role of some of the variables considered, with the economic level of the country standing out in particular, as well as parental involvement in decision-making. By way of conclusion, a series of recommendations are formulated to advance towards improvements in performance and to achieve educational convergence among EU countries.

The problem of combating threats of illegal trafficking of arms, ammunition and explosives at the border points of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union EU has become urgent under martial law. The aim of the study was to develop an optimal strategy for the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as "SBGSU") to combat threats of illegal arms trafficking at border points with EU countries under martial law. A comprehensive methodological approach combining the following scientific methods was used: comparative method, systems analysis method, structural-functional method, survey and group expert evaluation method, classification method and determination of numerical characteristics. A model was developed to assess the threat of illegal arms trafficking on the border of Ukraine with the EU countries under martial law based on SWOT-analysis. As a result, the factors of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which exist in the Ukrainian border guard agency, were identified. It is concluded that the results of this study cannot be applied to the border areas of Ukraine with such countries as the Russian Federation, Belarus and Moldova.

Teknoloji, ekonomi, politika ve birçok boyutta yaşanan değişimler insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve yönetimi konusunda bazı değişimlerin gerçekleşmesine neden olmuştur. Yaşanan değişimler ile beraber insan kaynaklarının hem yönetsel hem de uygulamaları konusunda yapısal değerlendirmelere olan ihtiyaç artmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ve AB ülkelerindeki sağlık işletmelerindeki insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve insan kaynakları yönetimini karşılaştırarak değerlendirmektir. Bu amacın gerçekleşmesi için İKY'ye yönelik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda sağlık kuruluşlarının insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve yönetimi konusunda Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ile Türkiye arasında bazı farklılıkların bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Türkiye ile Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin benimsediği çalışana değer zihniyetinin farklı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye'nin liyakat kuralları, tanıdıkların istihdamı gibi konularda Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri kadar duyarlı olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Türkiye'de sağlık insan gücünün iş yükünün fazla olması gibi yaşamakta olduğu sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'nin yaşamakta olduğu sorunları AB ülkelerinin daha önceden yaşadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Sağlık kuruluşlarının insan kaynakları uygulamalarındaki mevcut ve gelecekte olması muhtemel sorunların AB ülkelerinin uygulamalarının incelenmesiyle çözülebilecektir. ; The changes in technology, economy, politics and many dimensions have caused some changes in human resources practices and management. Together with the changes that have taken place, the need for structural evaluations of human resources both in managerial and practices has increased. The aim of the study is to evaluate human resources in the health business in Turkey and EU countries by comparing their human resources practices and human resources management. In order to achieve this aim, the studies on HRM were examined. As a result of the investigations it has been observed that there are some differences in human resources administration and management of health institutions between European Union countries and Turkey. Mentality of the value to employee adopted by the European Union countries and Turkey appeared to be different. It has been observed that Turkey is not sensitive on issues such as merit rules, employment of acquaintance as European Union countries. Health workforce in Turkey has existing problems such as high workload. It has been revealed that problems that are living in Turkey EU countries have lived these problems before. The current and future problems of human resources practices of health institutions can be solved by examining the applications of EU countries.

The purpose of the article is to present the method of constructing the GTI index used for a multidimensional assessment of a terrorist threat. Next, using Ward's method, groups of EU countries similar in terms of the terrorism threat level will be identified. Particular attention was paid to the position of Poland, which due to its active participation in military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, may be the target of a terrorist attack. The analyses show that Poland is in the group of countries with the lowest terrorism threat level. However, this threat cannot be underestimated. ; Celem artykułu była prezentacja sposobu konstruowania miernika GTI wykorzystywanego do wielowymiarowej oceny zagrożenia terroryzmem. Następnie przy użyciu metody Warda zidentyfikowano grupę krajów UE podobnych pod względem zagrożenia terroryzmem. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na pozycję Polski, która z powodu aktywnego udziału w działaniach militarnych w Afganistanie i Iraku czy rozmieszczenia wojsk amerykańskich może być celem ataku terrorystycznego. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że Polska znajduje się w grupie krajów o najmniejszym zagrożeniu terroryzmem, jednak zagrożenia tego nie można lekceważyć.