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The Treaty of Lisbon, in line with the failed Constitutional Treaty and in the sequence of several initiatives which had taken place, came to provide for the mechanism of permanent structured cooperation. The goal of this mechanism is to enable the arising of a vanguard of Member States, eventually ready to form the embryo of a future European Union's exclusive defence system. Although permanent structured cooperation represents a step towards the application of the "community method" to security and defence of the European Union, it doesn't still fit in that pattern. Only future can tell, if permanent structured cooperation is likely to provide the European Union with a security and defence policy based on the "community method".

The present article analyses the writing, edition and diffusion of the Memories of the Duke of Sully. With that in mind, the first section refers to the context in which the work was made; the second presents general characteristics of the European confederation; and the third describes discrepancies of its versions. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections studies the chronology and the stages of the writing, the changes made in the manuscripts and their diffusion; the seventh examines the debate on the historical primacy of the Memories. The article tries to reconstruct the conditions that determine the elaboration and reception of the first Pan-European project. Adapted from the source document.

Os estudos sobre a história da educação escolarizada, pública ou particular e sobre suas práticas pedagógicas têm avançado muito nos últimos anos, em parte graças às imbricações teórico-metodológicas de pesquisas que transitam tanto no campo da história da educação quanto no campo que se convencionou chamar cultura escolar. Esses estudos têm contribuído, entre outros, desde a década de 1990, para dessacralizar antigos mitos historiográficos, entre os quais os que buscaram interpretar as políticas e a legislação estatais, seus embates, seus pressupostos e suas realizações, muitas vezes como não realizações e/ou como realizações de cópias de políticas educacionais gestadas em contextos alhures.

O Processo de Bolonha constitui um método de acção política em direcção ao Espaço Europeu do Ensino Superior que representa uma nova ordem das relações sociais em educação. A governação multi-escalar, a acção transnacional, a agenda globalmente estruturada para a educação e modelo(s) educativo(s) de ambição mundial perfilam o terreno em que se confrontam programas e protagonistas em torno da constitucionalização do projecto neoliberal e da construção da educação como direito humano ou mercadoria. Neste contexto, o Processo de Bolonha está a configurar um novo quadro regulatório para o ensino superior na Europa em que o mercado ou o cosmopolitismo são sentidos possíveis da mudança com desiguais probabilidades de desenhar o futuro.

The main purpose of the article is to examine why there is no paradox between the development of multilevel governance structures in the context of European integration and the maintenance of the sovereign state as the source of representation and loyalty. Accepting that the cession of constitutional independence, the changing of sovereign equality and the challenge to economic autonomy have not occurred in an homogeneous way, I intend to explain the differences among those processes of sharing of EU members' sovereignty. Adapted from the source document.

Since the beginning of the democratic transformation process in Eastern Europe in the 1990s, governments, international organizations and civil society have increasingly been looking at the situation of the Roma in Europe. This population group, which migrated from Asia to Europe centuries ago and originally lived nomadically, now lives as a postmigrant group in various countries on the European continent and in other parts of the world. In the context of rapprochement with the European Union, various countries have analyzed the situation of the Roma and attempted to improve their often precarious living conditions. This article focuses on the socioeconomic situation of the Roma in Romania since the end of the Cold War. With the help of a bibliographic analysis, the situation of the Roma is discussed, with a special focus on education, employment, housing, and health care.