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Ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya önem vermesiyle çevrenin iyileşmesi ve sınırlı kaynakların kontrol altına alınması sağlanarak ekonomilerin gelişmesi sağlanabilir. Özellikle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma ile ilgili politikaları küresel ekonomiyi etkileyebildiğinden dolayı Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma performanslarının ölçülmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda araştırmada, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin en son ve güncel olan Dönüşüm Performansı Endeksi (Transaction Performance Index - TPI) bileşenlerine ait değerler üzerinden söz konusu ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma performansları MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemi ile ölçülmüştür. Bulgulara göre ilk olarak MEREC yöntemi ile ülkelere göre en önemli TPI bileşeninin ''çevresel dönüşüm'' olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İkinci olarak ise MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemine göre en fazla sürdürülebilir kalkınma performansına sahip ilk üç ülkenin Danimarka, İrlanda ve Malta, buna karşın en az performansa sahip ilk üç ülkenin ise GKRK, Finlandiya ve Estonya olduğu gözlenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemi kapsamında ülkelerin ortalama sürdürülebilir kalkınma performansları hesaplanmış ve ortalama performans değerinden az performansa sahip olan ülkelerin küresel ekonomiye katkılarının daha fazla olması için sürdürülebilir kalkınma performanslarını artırmaları gerektiği değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak yöntem açısından duyarlılık ve ayırım uzaklığı analizlere göre ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma performansları TPI kapsamında MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemi ile ölçülebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The agenda for the fight against corruption has become a prominent part of the relationships of international organizations with nation-states. This article analyses the fight against corruption as a vital topic in Turkey's bid for European Union (EU) membership. It also assesses the EU's approach and framework for the candidate countries. For this purpose, qualitative document analysis is carried out on 80 EU documents on Turkey for the years between 1998 and 2021, based on process tracing. The analysis demonstrates that corruption is a persistent issue in Turkey across multiple fields. Progress is still slow, and Turkey is far from fulfilling the membership requirements for the fight against corruption. The EU has advocated for political will and a new strategy to address corruption in Turkey, focusing on institutional capacity and governance, international commitments, the fight against
clientelism and political corruption, and the independence of the judiciary.

The topicality of this issue is related to the fact that the EU is founded on a set of values, including equality. Nowadays the attitude towards women in the society is significantly different from that of men. Unfortunately, inequality does not decline over time. The basic idea of gender equality is to provide both women and men with the same rights, opportunities and conditions for full-fledged development. The article is devoted to the dimensions of the principle of gender equality in the European Union, which is important for Ukraine due to the conditions of European integration. The dimensions of gender equality cover the political, economic, civil, social and cultural spheres of our live activity, including achieving gender equality in employment, equal pay for equal work, gender balance in decision making, harmonization of professional and family life, education and «gender mainstreaming».

That is why research and analysis of gender equality's dimensions in the EU and defining the legal aspects of their regulation are relevant to the legal system of Ukraine. Over the past few decades, the EU has notably worked for equal treatment legislation, gender mainstreaming and specific measures for the advancement of women. Moreover, the EU has defined the following dimensions of gender equality: equal economic independence for women and men; equal pay for work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and ending gender-based violence; and promoting gender equality beyond the EU.

The dimension of gender equality is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and the inequality is not perpetuated. Although the EU has achieved positive results in protecting human rights, the work is still continuing in this direction. The idea of gender equality is an integral part of equality as a general principle, development and peace in the world. Without this principle, it is impossible to establish

the basis for democracy, freedom, justice and tolerance. Recently, the principle of gender equality is getting paramount importance for Ukraine, as one of the conditions for successful European integration.

The processes associated with the development of international tourism in the Baltic states , which are essential for the growth of economic, social and cultural well-being of the region. The processes of the creation of regional tourism development strategies in Eastern Europe. Provided a comprehensive description of recreational resources. The influence of global processes of globalization on the development of international tourism growth dynamics flow of foreign tourists and the changing patterns of tourist flow to the region. We consider systems of tourism resources and their spatial distribution in the Baltic States , regional specialization in various fields of international tourism. Investigated stages of conceptual travel image and overall regional tourism brand of the Baltic States . Receive the competitiveness of the region as a whole, and singled out the factors that contribute to the development of the tourism market of the Baltic States

Global informatization, manifestations of which are characteristic for the past decades, became the basis of the formation of the new model of the economy – digital economy, which became the development strategy of the most developed countries of the world. In Ukraine there is not any consistent tactic of building up a national digital economic business space as yet. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to substantiate theoretically the essence of digital economy and its conceptual reflection in the economic policy of the EU, as well to analyze the status and specific features of the Ukrainian economic system in terms of integration into international digital environment. The research methods are system analysis. Based on a number of scientific sources, it was revealed that the conceptual basis for the development of the digital economy in Europe consists of 5 metrics of the program of digital entrepreneurship: a) digital knowledge and ICT market, b) digital business environment, c) access to finance for businesses, d) digital skills of the labor force and electronic leadership, e) creating supporting entrepreneurial culture. In the course of the study we defined the centres of growth of digital technologies and communication in Ukraine, which can become the basis for further positive changes, at the same time we identified the main obstacles, as well as the lagging industries, because of whose performance the world ratings of Ukraine go down. A conclusion was made about the need to build an efficient national strategy for the development of the digital economy taking into account both positive and negative aspects of the experience of the EU countries. The scientific novelty of the work is in identifying features of the development of information and telecommunication technologies in Ukraine, which are in the uneven "informatization", depending on the industries and sectors of the economy, in the lack of digital strategy of the state, in the inconsistency in regulatory policy and distrust of the population in modern financial instruments. The findings made as the results of the research can be used for differentiation of users of digital information and the development of strategy of their engagement in certain segments. In the future, it is advisable to examine the European experience about the inclusion of objectives concerning the development of the digital economy in the global plan of reformation of the state.

The article examines the current state of the Association Agreement implementation in terms of national legislation on climate change and the protection of the ozone layer compliance with the requirements of the EU legal acts listed in Annex XXX to Chapter 6 "Environment" of that Agreement. Under the Association Agreement, such harmonization entails the need to bring national legislation into line with Directive № 2003/87/EC establishing a Community greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme by September 1, 2019 and amending Directive № 96/61/EC ~ 18 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 as amended by Directive № 2004/101/EC; Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Regulation (EU) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as amended and the amendments made by the Regulation (EU) №№ 2038/2000, (EU) 2039/2000, (EU) 1804/2003, (EU) 2077/2004, (EU) 29/2006, (EU) 1366/2006, (EU) 1784/2006, (EC) 1791/2006 and (EC) 2007/899, and Decisions №№ 2003/160 /EC, 2004/232/EC and 2007/54 /EC. The analysis of the national legislation shows that Ukraine as a whole fulfilled its obligations to adapt national legislation to the EU legislation in terms of setting up a monitoring system, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. The Law of Ukraine "On the Basics of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" was adopted on 12 December 2019. The law comes into force on 1 January 2021. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt by-laws to ensure the effectiveness of the provisions of the aforementioned Law, since as of 1 April 2020 no legislative act has been adopted in its development. Ukraine has also fully fulfilled its obligations to implement the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Law of Ukraine "On Regulation of Economic Activity with Ozone-Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases" was adopted on 12 December 1 2019. The law comes into force on 27 June 2020. The article proves that the legal acts, necessary to introduce internal greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme and other market and non-market greenhouse gas emission reduction instruments of these gases in accordance with Ukraine's obligations under the Association Agreement have not yet been adopted. Also there is the necessity to make amendments to the Regulation on the Interagency Commission on Implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree № 583 of April 14, 1999, to extend its tasks in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement. Keywords: the Association Agreement; climate and ozone protection; fluorinated greenhouse gases; monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions; ozone-depleting substances; reporting of greenhouse gas emissions; verification of greenhouse gas emissions.

Ülkelerin nihai hedeflerinden biri performanslarını iyileştirmektir. Verimlilik ise performansın önemli bileşenlerinden birisidir. Ülkeler verimlilik analizleri ile verimli olmadığı alanları tespit eder ve bu alandaki eksikliklerini giderebilir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği'ne üye ülkelerin ve Türkiye'nin borç krizi öncesi ve sonrası dönemdeki etkinliklerini ve etkinliklerindeki değişimi belirli harcama göstergelerini kullanarak veri zarflama analizi ve Malmquist toplam faktör verimliliği analizi yöntemleriyle incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği'ne üye ülkelerin 2007-2016 yıllarına ait verileri kullanılmış ve veriler Dünya Bankası veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. 27 Avrupa Birliği ülkesinden Malta hariç 26 ülke ve Türkiye analize dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmada girdi değişkeni olarak kişi başına düşen sağlık harcamaları, kişi başına düşen hanehalkı nihai tüketim harcaması, kişi başına cepten yapılan sağlık harcamaları ve eğitim harcamaları değişkenleri kullanılmış çıktı değişkeni olarak ise insani gelişmişlik endeksi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizi için R Studio paket programlarından yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, ülkelerin toplam faktör verimliliğinde yaşanan en büyük düşüşün krizin başladığı 2008 yılı ve krizin yoğunlaştığı 2011 yılı olduğu görülmektedir. BCC girdi yönelimli VZA analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında; kriz yoğun dönemde 12 ülkenin etkin olduğu, kriz sonrası dönemde ise 16 ülkenin etkin sınıra ulaştığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca en düşük verimliliğe sahip ülkenin kriz yoğunda dönemde Portekiz, kriz sonrası dönemde ise İtalya olduğu tespit edilmiştir.