The growing human population inevitably entails various challenges associated with the deteriorating ecological situation, decline in public health, depletion of natural resources, increasing the cost of non-renewable energy sources, and food supply problems. Solutions are found via new pharmacological and medical preparations and technologies, food and feed additives and alternative energy sources. The paper briefly overviews the current biotechnologies of using microalgae in the food industry, agriculture and aquaculture, medicine and power production, describes the related technological and economic problems and their practical solutions implemented in the EU countries. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE
The article attempts to econometric modeling of the influence of a complex of factors on the volume and dynamics of the economies of the member States of the European Union, taking into account their differentiation. The main results of the author's research are as follows. First, the fundamental coincidence of trends in the EU GDP dynamics with global trends and the presence of a strong negative impact on this dynamics of the global crisis of the late 2000s have been established. Secondly, it is once again confirmed that there is a significant differentiation between the founding States of the EU and the countries that joined it after 1990, expressed in a significant excess of macroeconomic indicators of the first group of countries of similar indicators of the second group. Thirdly, the difference between the combinations of factors influencing economic development in the two groups of EU countries is revealed, which once again testifies to the bloc nature of the EU structure.
For several decades, the European Union has been steadily increasing its presence in Central Asian countries. The EU's interests in the region are due to a number of reasons, including the desire to expand its influence in the Central Asian countries, the high importance of the region as a transit corridor between Europe and China, the prospects for economic cooperation, and the importance of the region's energy potential. In May 2019 The European Union has presented a new Strategy for Central Asia, designed to intensify cooperation in a number of areas of interaction. The new strategy is aimed at both implementing these interests and expanding cooperation in a number of other areas.
Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Новая долгосрочная стратегия сотрудничества между Беларусью и Евросоюзом зависит как от изменения политической системы республики, так и от выработки ЕС разумных критерий и направлений сотрудничества с Беларусью. Политические, институциональные и экономические изменения возможны лишь в долгосрочной перспективе. В ближайшие 5 лет нужно говорить не о «выборе пространства» (союз с Россией или Евросоюзом), а о «пространстве выбора». Даже не вступая в Евросоюз, Беларусь, как сосед ЕС, может добиваться в отношениях с Евросоюзом выполнения четырех свобод (свободы передвижения товаров, услуг, капитала и людей). После расширения Евросоюза Беларусь может выступать как стратегический коридор, обеспечивая надежный транзит между двумя растущими рынками. Расширение Евросоюза можно рассматривать как существенное изменение для Беларуси условий сотрудничества с восточноевропейскими странами. Объективно наша республика оказалась в сфере перекрестных интересов и притяжения единого европейского рынка. Предлагается несколько вариантов долгосрочной стратегии Беларуси в отношении европейской интеграции. Первый вариант предусматривает самостоятельное движение в Европу, избегая вхождения в жесткие политико-экономические союзы с восточными соседями и координацию своих действий с Украиной и Молдовой, которые находятся в схожей ситуации. Второй — укрепление двустороннего союза с Россией и строительство единого экономического пространства (ЕЭП), включающего Россию, Украину, Казахстан и Беларусь. Процессы финансовой интеграции в ЕЭП и на пространстве СНГ могут содействовать расширению взаимных инвестиций и, как следствие, всего инвестиционного потенциала стран Содружества, а также способны повысить уровень капитализации, расширить существующий финансовый инструментарий. Предпосылки для этого созданы высокими темпами экономического роста и стабилизацией цен. = A new long-term strategy of cooperation between Belarus and the European Union depends both on the changes in the political system of the Republic and on the development by the EU of reasonable criteria and guidelines in the cooperation with Belarus. Political, institutional and economic changes are possible only in the long-term outlook. The nearest five years can only bring the "space of choice" rather than the "choice of space" (a union with Russia or the EU). Even without joining the EU Belarus, as a close neighbour, can seek to achieve the four freedoms (freedoms of movement of goods, services, capital and people). Following the EU enlargement Belarus can act as a strategic corridor ensuring secure transit between the growing markets. The EU enlargement can be regarded as a significant change in the conditions of cooperation of Belarus with Eastern European countries. In fact, the country found itself in the sphere where the European market interests cross and interact. Several variants of the long-term strategy of Belarus towards European integration can be suggested. The first variant presupposes independent movement to Europe, avoiding rigid political and economic unions with eastern neighbours and coordinating the actions with Ukraine and Moldova who are in a similar situation. The second means fostering the bilateral union with Russia and formation of a common economic space (CES) to include Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. The finance integration processes in the CES and in the CIS could contribute to the expansion of mutual investments and, as a result, to the overall investment potential of the CIS countries. They could also raise the capitalisation level and expand the existing financial instruments. The prerequisites for this have been created by the high economic growth rate and stabilisation of prices.
Раздзел "Міжнароднае супрацоўнтцтва і вопыт" ; В статье рассмотрены проблемы развития таможенного права Европейского Союза во взаимосвязи с трансформацией таможенного законодательства Республики Беларусь. Вопросы унификации и соответствия таможенных норм и правил, созданных в процессе развития Европейского Сообщества, являются актуальными для Республики Беларусь, поскольку от того, насколько эффективным будет сотрудничество ЕС и Республики Беларусь в сфере таможенного регулирования, напрямую зависит интеграция Республики Беларусь в мировое экономическое пространство. = This article deals with the problems of the Customs Law. Centuries-old Customs Law appeared to regulate traffic of goods over customs frontiers. The Customs Law has its own place in the legal system and currently plays a very significant role. Under the conditions of formation of market relations the State is seriously interested in creation of Customs Law as an independent branch of jurisprudence. Its interest is concentrated on system and distinct specification of legal, economic and organizational grounds of the customs science. During accomplishment of foreign trade activities on territory of the Republic of Belarus inevitably arise of various problems stipulated, both internal, and external features of development of the Belarusian economy, and also some instability of the system of legal regulation of the given area.
The article describes the development of cooperation between Armenia and the European Union since Armenia's independence in 1991 to the present. The author discusses the inclusion of Armenia in the program of the European Neighborhood Policy, which was launched by the EU with the view to strengthen relations between the EU and countries of Southern Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Mediterranean region. The role of trade relations between Armenia and the EU's countries is analyzed. Key words: the European Union, Armenia, the TACIS, the CIS, the European Neighborhood Policy, trade relations. ; В статье описывается развитие сотрудничества между Арменией и Европейским союзом с момента обретения страной независимости в1991 г. до настоящего времени. Рассматривается включение Армении в программу Европейской политики соседства, разработанную ЕС с целью укрепления связей между ЕС и странами Южного Кавказа, Восточной Европы и Средиземноморья. Особое внимание уделяется роли торговых отношений Армении со странами ЕС.Ключевые слова: Европейский союз, Армения, ТАСИС, СНГ, Европейская политика соседства, торговые отношения.
In article modern cooperation between the African countries and the EU, the main ways and forms of activization of development of economic euro-African cooperation, a condition and the factors promoting development of the European-African cooperation at the present stage are analyzed. The directions of diversification of forms, methods and mechanisms of the European-African cooperation are considered. The role of strategy of cooperation between the European Union and the international economic organizations in stabilization of economy of the African countries is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the perspective directions of development of economic cooperation of the countries of Africa and the EU. Authors called potential problems on the way of development of the international economic cooperation of the countries of Europe and Africa. ; В статье анализируются современное сотрудничество между африканскими странами и ЕС, основные пути и формы активизации развития экономического евро-африканского сотрудничества, условия и факторы, способствующие развитию европейско-африканского сотрудничества на современном этапе. Рассматриваются направления диверсификации форм, методов и механизмов европейско-африканского сотрудничества. Анализируется роль стратегий сотрудничества между Европейским союзом и международными экономическими организациями в стабилизации экономики африканских стран. Отдельное внимание уделяется перспективным направлениям развития экономического сотрудничества стран Африки и ЕС. Авторы назвали потенциальные проблемы на пути развития международного экономического сотрудничества стран Европы и Африки.
Maintaining a certain level of biodiversity is essential to preserve ecosystemic functions. Conservation of biodiversity is a matter of great importance for the well-being of ecosystems and humans dependent on them. 130 world leaders committed to significantly reduce biodiversity loss before 2010 during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. This goal is supported and prioritized by a number of significant policy documents among which are Strategy for Sustainable Development endorsed by EU leaders in Gothenburg in 2001, The Sixth Environment Action Programme and Lisbon Strategy. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии
Which rights and obligations arise from the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment? This is the first publication to thoroughly examine the consequences this principle has - or may have - for private law relationships. An illuminating analysis, bearing both academic and practical importance. As the interplay between EU law and national private law intensifies, the question arises how the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment plays into various legal relationships involving one or more individuals. Unjust enrichment in European Union law takes a pioneering step in addressing this pressing issue. The author puts forward a compelling analysis, taking into account the functions of unjust enrichment in a number of national law systems and the functions of general principles of EU law, as well as case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. For analytic purposes, links are identified between EU causes of action based on undue payment, unjust enrichment and unlawful act, respectively. This is followed by a discussion whether or not such actions should be founded on violation of an EU provision having direct (horizontal) effect. Insight into the possible consequences of the EU principle prohibiting unjust enrichment has both academic and practical importance. The reader gains a deeper understanding of how the Court of Justice may further develop EU law on the basis of private-law principles. The study illuminates which rights individuals may derive from such legal principles and - if they can do so - under which circumstances
The article deals with the main directions of cooperation in the sphere of education within the framework of the Union State. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it formulates and introduces the authors' research position, clearly outlines the boundaries separating the processes which take place within the Union State, and traces the development of the Russian-Belarusian interaction. In the context of this concept the authors identify and formulate the main stages of development of these processes and systematize the main trends of formation of the normative-legal base of the common educational space and measures for its practical implementation. They examine the interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus within the Union State framework in the general context of the Union State building. The following stages are outlined: the preliminary stage from 1995 through 1999 included the maintenance of equal rights of citizens at the level of interstate relations and in the beginning of the Union State building; the second stage from 1999 through 2012 provided the normative-legal base of the educational space of the Union State and implementation of the existing norms; the third stage from 2012 through 2018 was characterized by gradual growth of attention of the governing bodies of the Union State to the problems of humanitarian cooperation, adaptation of the normative-legal acts to the actual changes in the sphere of education of the two countries; the fourth stage from 2018 until now is regarded as a high time for formation of a single space of education of the Union State for further development of integration. The article categorizes and characterizes the actions taken by the bodies of the Union State, educational institutions and professional circles in order to develop cooperation in the field of education. The study identifies the role of diaspora public organizations in the processes under consideration. The authors conclude about the special role of educational and scientific organizations, professional associations and civil society institutions of the two countries in the development of a unified educational space.
Ключевые слова: Европейский союз; Беларусь, культура; культурные связи; трансграничное сотрудничество; приграничное сотрудничество; еврорегион. = Key words: European Union; Belarus; culture; cultural relations; cross-border coop-eration; transboundary cooperation; Euro-region. ; В статье анализируется современное состояние трансграничного сотрудничества Беларуси и Европейского союза в культурной сфере. Автор выделил этапы становления данного формата взаимодействия в соответствии с законодательной базой Европейского союза. Кроме того, рассматривается ряд вопросов, связанных с практикой формирования еврорегионов в Республике Беларусь. В статье подчеркивается, что приграничные территории имеют широкий спектр возможностей для развития взаимодействия на разных уровнях. Использование культурного потенциала в интересах двустороннего и многостороннего сотрудничества является приоритетным для Беларуси и Европейского союза. Особенно важным в контексте трансграничного сотрудничества видится вовлечение в данный процесс общественных организаций и частных лиц. Приграничные территории Беларуси получают возможности использовать финансовые ресурсы европейских фондов и организаций для обеспечения их устойчивого развития в культурной сфере. Вместе с тем автором выделяются основные проблемы подобного сотрудничества. В частности, показано, что существующая в Республике Беларусь нормативно-правовая база не позволяет полноценно включиться в программы культурных обменов с Европейским союзом. Совершенствование сотрудничества в культурной сфере видится, прежде всего, как условие сохранения особенностей белоруской национальной культуры. ; The article reveals the current state of cross-border cooperation be-tween Belarus and European Union. The author outlined the stages in the develop-ment of this format of interaction in accordance with the European Union legislation. In addition, a number of issues related to the practice of forming Euro-regions in the Republic of Belarus are considered. The article emphasizes that frontier areas have great potential for cooperation at various levels. Utilizing the cultural potential for bi-lateral and multilateral cooperation is a priority for Belarus and the European Union. Particularly important in the context of cross-border cooperation is the involvement of public organizations and individuals in this process. The border territories of Bela-rus get the opportunity to use the financial resources of European funds and organiza-tions to ensure their sustainable development in the cultural sphere. At the same time, the author notes the main challenges of such cooperation. In particular, it is shown that the current legal framework of the Republic of Belarus does not allow to fully participate in cultural exchange programs with the European Union. Improving cultural cooperation is considered primarily as a condition for pre-serving the particularities of the Belarusian national culture.
