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... 1968. - ca. 1968. - 124 S. - 13986.; ... 1970. - ca. 1970. - 128 S. - 13985.; ... 1974. - ca. 1974. - 61 S. - 16570.; ... 1978. - ca. 1978. - 57 S. - 24805.; ... 1979. - ca. 1979. - 103 S. - 24806.; ... 1980. - ca. 1980. - 113 S. - 28152

Scheduling university examinations is often done with the objective of spreading a student's required examinations over an examination week. That is the equivalent of the problem of minimizing the number of examinations a student must take on any one day. An approach to scheduling exams which relates the problem to the classical assignment problem is discussed. The model developed is a symmetry‐constrained assignment model, and the solution method requires use of a branch‐and‐bound algorithm. Results from application of the algorithm to six semesters of actual data are presented.

This article is a critical analysis of the prevalent interpretation of "war communism" in Anglo-American literature that views the economic policies of that period as temporary expedients to meet wartime and inflationary conditions. Although there are scholars whose accounts are notable exceptions to this interpretation, it is the dominant one and is found in popular works, textbooks, and important scholarly contributions. For example, Nettl states that "war communism" "represented a series of ad hoc measures to combat emergency situations." Sherman writes that "as a necessary military measure, by the end of 1918 all large-scale factories had been nationalized and put under central control," and he explains the requisitioning and allocation in kind of supplies from farm and factory as the consequence of inflation having ended the usefulness of money. Anderson states that with the outbreak of the civil war in May 1918 "an emergency policy of War Communism was adopted." Fainsod says that "the policy of War Communism was the rule of the besieged fortress." This article will show by a study of Lenin's writings during the "war communism" period that this prevalent interpretation suffers from the neglect of the original aspirations of Marxian socialism and consequently misrepresents the motives behind the economic policies of "war communism."