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The study aims to evaluate the interconnection structures by members of the Board of Directors with political and financial expertise of companies listed in the Brazilian stock market B3. The sample consisted of 2,474 observations in the period from 2010 to 2015. It is suggested by the Agency Theory that board interlocking (BI) for financial expertise can help in corporate monitoring and mitigates the agency's conflicts. On the other hand, BI by political expertise can maximize opportunistic behavior. In the view of Resource Dependency Theory, BI for financial expertise can assist companies in attracting financial resources, while BI for policy expertise can maximize results through more lucrative contracts and advantages offered by policymakers. It is concluded that the systematization of BI by different expertise can be used in future research to explain corporate strategies, decisions, and phenomena, as well as to evaluate the causes and effects of such structures in the management of organizations. ; El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las estructuras de interconexiones entre los miembros del Consejo de Administración (CA) con experiencia política y financiera de empresas que cotizan en la B3. La muestra se compuso de 2.474 observaciones en el período 2010-2015. Por medio de la Teoría de la Agencia, se sugiere que el board interlocking (BI) por la experiencia financiera puede auxiliar al monitoreo corporativo y servir como mitigador de los conflictos de la agencia. Por otro lado, el BI por la experiencia política puede maximizar el comportamiento oportunista. En la visión de la Teoría de la Dependencia de Recursos, el BI por la experiencia financiera puede auxiliar a las empresas en la captación de recursos financieros, mientras que el BI por la experiencia política puede maximizar los resultados mediante contratos más lucrativos y ventajas ofrecidas por los políticos. Se concluye que la sistematización del BI por las diferentes experiencias puede ser utilizada en las investigaciones futuras para explicar las estrategias, decisiones y fenómenos corporativos, así como para evaluar las causas y los efectos de tales estructuras en la gestión de las organizaciones. ; Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as estruturas de interligações pelos membros do conselho de administração (CA) com expertise política e financeira de empresas listadas na B3. A amostra foi composta por 2.474 observações no período de 2010 a 2015. Por meio da Teoria da Agência, sugere-se que o board interlocking (BI) pela expertise financeira pode auxiliar o monitoramento corporativo e servir como mitigador dos conflitos da agência. Por outro lado, o BI pela expertise política pode maximizar o comportamento oportunista. Na visão da Teoria da Dependência de Recursos, o BI pela expertise financeira pode auxiliar as empresas na captação de recursos financeiros, enquanto o BI pela expertise política pode maximizar os resultados mediante contratos mais lucrativos e vantagens oferecidas pelos políticos. Conclui-se que a sistematização do BI pelos diferentes tipos de expertise pode ser utilizada em futuras pesquisas para explicar as estratégias, as decisões e os fenômenos corporativos, bem como para avaliar as causas e os efeitos de tais estruturas na gestão das organizações.

"De inbreng van deskundigen is al decennia lang niet meer weg te denken uit juridische procedures. Een rustig bezit is dit leerstuk evenwel niet. Gerechtelijke dwalingen en andere discussies brengen de pennen onverminderd in beroering. Bij de inbreng van deskundigen speelt in essentie altijd dezelfde basisproblematiek. Hoe weet je als leek of je de juiste deskundige hebt geselecteerd en hoe beoordeel je diens inbreng? Uiteindelijk maakt immers een gebrek aan deskundige kennis bij de verschillende procesdeelnemers het noodzakelijk om een deskundige in te schakelen. In het straf-, privaat- en bestuursrecht wordt op telkens verschillende manieren met bovenstaande problematiek omgegaan. In dit onderzoek is voor het eerst een vergelijking gemaakt van de wijze waarop de inbreng van deskundigen wordt genormeerd in deze drie rechtsgebieden. Aan de hand van een lijst met kwaliteitseisen zijn positieve punten en knelpunten gesignaleerd en is onderzocht wat de rechtsgebieden van elkaar zouden kunnen leren. Dat heeft geresulteerd in een diepgaande juridische analyse van de normering van de inbreng van deskundigen in juridische procedures. Die analyse wordt gevolgd door toepasbare inzichten en aanbevelingen. Dit maakt De deskundige in het recht tot een bruikbaar handboek voor wetenschappers, beleidsmakers, deskundigen en studenten."--

The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project. ; The constitutional role and authority of the Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) as an enforcer of law warranted the MP protagonism in the enforcement of environmental legislation and accountability of environmental agencies in Brazil. The MP instituted regional offices to tackle the environmental issue and established a team of experts to provide technical support. This research analyzes the participation of the São Paulo State Public Prosecutor's Office (MPSP) and the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) experts in the environmental licensing of the Mexilhão Project. The project was located in the coastal region of the state of São Paulo and initially aimed to reduce by half the volume of natural gas imported by the country. Based on the analysis of documents and interviews, this paper shows that there were different interpretations and framings among the MP experts concerning environmental impacts and risks of the project. This study also discusses MP's influence on the decisions of the federal environmental agency about the Mexilhão Project.

Studies on ministerial recruitment have identified the presence of professional politicians as well as technicians within the Brazilian ministerial cabinet. However, career analyses are restricted to technicians, while studies on political ministers have largely focused on party recruitment criteria. The objective of this article is twofold: to empirically demonstrate the differences and similarities between the careers of political and non-political ministers "technicians" during PSDB and PT presidential administrations between 1995 and 2014; and to explore the main aspects regarding the professionalization of politician ministers based on their experiences in elective and high-ranking positions in county and municipal administrations. The results indicate that both politicians and non-politicians have extensive professional experience, including administrative experience, although non-politicians have greater affinity with the ministerial area for which they were appointed as do ministers affiliated with the president's party when compared to politicians of the allied base. Notwithstanding these nuances, no significant differences were found between PSDB and PT administrations regarding the expertise of their ministers. ; Estudios sobre el reclutamiento ministerial han identificado la presencia tanto de políticos profesionales, cuanto de cuadros técnicos como parte de los gabinetes ministeriales brasileños. Sin embargo, los análisis de carrera se han restringido únicamente a los cuadros técnicos; mientras que los estudios sobre los ministros de carácter político se han centrado mayoritariamente en el criterio partidario de reclutamiento. El presente artículo sigue dos objetivos: demostrar empíricamente las diferencias y similitudes entre las carreras de los ministros políticos y los no políticos ("técnicos") durante los gobiernos del Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) y del Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), entre 1995 y 2014; y explorar los principales aspectos relativos a la profesionalización de los ministros políticos, a partir de sus experiencias en cargos electivos y de alto escalón como parte de gobiernos provinciales y municipales. Los resultados muestran que tanto los ministros políticos como los no políticos poseen una larga experiencia profesional, e inclusive administrativa; más allá de que los no políticos posean una mayor afinidad con el área ministerial para la cual han sido nombrados, así como los ministros afiliados al partido de gobierno cuando comparados con los de la base aliada. A pesar de esas particularidades, no fueron constatadas diferencias significativas entre los gobiernos del PSDB y del PT en lo que se refiere al nivel de especialización de sus ministros. ; Estudos sobre recrutamento ministerial têm identificado a presença tanto de políticos profissionais quanto de técni­cos no gabinete ministerial brasileiro. Todavia, análises de carreira têm se restringido apenas aos técnicos, enquanto estudos sobre ministros políticos focam majoritariamente o critério partidário de recrutamento. Este artigo possui dois objetivos: demonstrar empiricamente as diferenças e semelhanças entre as carreiras dos ministros políticos e dos não políticos ("técnicos") durante os governos do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) e do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), entre 1995 e 2014; e explorar os principais aspectos relativos à profissionalização dos ministros políticos, a partir de suas experiências em cargos eletivos e de alto escalão de governos estaduais e municipais. Os resultados indicam que tanto políticos como não políticos possuem larga experiência profissional, inclusive admi­nistrativa, embora os não políticos possuam maior afinidade com a área ministerial para a qual foram nomeados. Por sua vez, ministros filiados ao partido do presidente possuem maior afinidade com a área de jurisdição ministe­rial quando comparados com os ministros filiados a partidos da base aliada. A despeito dessas nuanças, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os governos peessedebistas e petistas quanto à expertise dos seus ministros.

Participatory Action Research on and with experiential expertise
Some of the principles of participatory action research raise questions and concerns when conducting PAR. In this article we reflect on three of these principles: cyclical change and learning, co-ownership of the research and generalizability of results. Our own PAR research on the introduction of experiential expertise in mental health practice forms the case for the reflections. We conclude that PAR asks for flexibility, good observation skills for things that arise and courage to use ways other than the usual ways to analyze or present results.