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AbstractThe effectiveness and legitimacy of the Council of Europe can be undermined by the actions of Member States which fail to comply with their international law obligations of genuine cooperation with the organization. This article first briefly examines the practice of international organizations in applying sanctions such as expulsion and suspension to their members. It then explains why it is necessary to discuss potential sanctions that the Council can apply in the context of current controversies involving the Council and Member States. It will be argued that the scale and intensity of challenges distinguish the current state of affairs from other 'problematic' periods in the Council's history. It proceeds to outline the considerations that should be taken into account in deciding whether a Member State should be suspended or expelled. These considerations include the implications of sanctions on the legitimacy of the Council of Europe, the level of human rights protection and the financial stability of the organization.

The individual in international law — Fundamental human rights and freedoms — Right to respect for family life — Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights — Public order and security — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyThe individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of alien — Right of expulsion — Protection of family life — Public order and security — Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Refugee within meaning of Refugees Convention, 1951 — Whether expulsion order against convicted "refugee" contrary to Convention — Expulsion distinguished from return to specified foreign country — The law of Austria.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — European Human Rights Convention, 1950 — As Affecting Municipal Law on Treatment of Aliens — The Law of Germany.Individual in International Law — Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of — Relation to Municipal Law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether Affecting Municipal Law on Treatment of Aliens — The Law of Germany.Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of Expulsion — Whether Liability of Alien to Expulsion Affected by European Human Rights Convention, 1950 — "Right to Respect for Family Life" under Convention — The Law of Germany.

At the beginning of 2021, Chile witnessed a massive influx of foreigners by the irregular passage near the border, near the small town of Colchane. The Government and law enforcement agencies quickly set out to monitor the situation and punish persons in an irregular migration situation, resulting in the group expulsion of 138 foreigners. From the above case, the need arises to know whether it was indeed a collective expulsion. For this reason, this paper will seek to propose a defined definition of collective expulsion based on an analysis of the relevant jurisprudence and international legislation. Then, based on the national legislative context of forced expulsion, the case in question will be analyzed, in particular the factual facts of it and the resolutions issued by the State, and will be contrasted with the proposed concept to finally determine whether collective expulsions prohibited by international law were carried out in Chile. ; A comienzos del año 2021, Chile fue testigo de una masiva llegada de personas extranjeras por paso irregular en las proximidades de la frontera, cercano a la pequeña localidad de Colchane. El gobierno y las fuerzas del orden, rápidamente se apersonaron para controlar la situación y sancionar a las personas que se encontraban, en ese momento, en situación migratoria irregular, por lo que se expulsó de forma grupal a 138 extranjeros. De la situación anterior, surge la necesidad de saber si efectivamente fue una expulsión colectiva. Es por ello, que en este trabajo se buscará proponer una definición delimitada de expulsión colectiva a partir del análisis de la jurisprudencia y legislación internacional pertinente. Luego, a partir del contexto legislativo nacional de expulsión forzada, se analizará el caso en comento, en concreto, los hechos fácticos del mismo y las resoluciones emitidas por el Estado, y se contrastará con el concepto propuesto, para, finalmente determinar si en Chile se realizaron expulsiones colectivas prohibidas por el Derecho Internacional.