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Agricultural marketing boards in tropical Africa are heirlooms of the Great Depression and World War II, when colonial governments found their principal sources of revenue severely reduced and both European and African populations financially distressed. Marketing boards are of British origin, but similar efforts were made in French and Belgian Africa. The rationale for intervention is clouded; some of the principal reasons have faded into the past or were never openly expressed.1

Entstehungsursachen und Funktion der Marketing Boards im anglophonen und frankophonen Afrika und Art der über die Boards vertriebenen Produkte. Veränderungen in der Aufgabenstellung, Charakteristika und Rechtfertigung der Marketing Boards in den achtziger Jahren. Verhandlungsmacht, Effizienz, Rolle im Preiswettbewerb auf freien Märkten. Thesen zur Frage, warum Marketing Boards noch immer existieren, obwohl ihre ursprüngliche Entstehungsursachen längst Geschichte sind. Vorschläge für eine Transformation und Verbesserung der gegenwärtigen Arbeitsweise der Boards. Als Anhang: wichtige Kritikpunkte gegenüber afrikanischen Marketing Boards für Agrarprodukte, wie auf einem internationalen Seminar des African Studies Centre in Leiden im September 1983 zum Ausdruck gebracht. (DÜI-Hlb)

This paper discusses web-based applications in the agricultural and food crops sectors in North Aceh district, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The agricultural and food crops sector is a mainstay sector of the people of North Aceh and local governments to move the economy and income of the local community. There are several superior agricultural products and food crops including rice, corn, sweet potatoes, green beans, long beans, cassava and potatoes. The North Aceh Government does not have sufficient applications to manage agricultural sector products. The research objective is to realize the independence of local food in order to support the national food security program. The mechanism used to design and make agricultural and food crop web applications starts from application design, application construction/coding, application testing and implementation system. After testing the web application by doing black box testing-white box and GUI testing to find out the side of the application display, application behavior and application durability. The results showed the application accuracy, stability and durability of the application reached 97.4%. The application web-based of agriculture and food crop management has been running as it should for mapping/GIS of superior agricultural commodities and GIS potential locations of agriculture and food crops in North Aceh. Keywords: Applicaton, GUI, Black Box Testing, GIS

In Indonesia production of food crops grew an impressive 4.3 percent a year between 1978 and 1988, largely as a result of favorable government pricing, research, and investment policies toward rice and other crops. In recent years, however, the high costs of subsidies to the government and the increasing competition for scarce resources among commodities have caused Indonesian policymakers to take a fresh look at these policies in order to determine what is needed in a changing economic environment. What policies should the government pursue for rice and other major food crops? Should the government provide incentives or investments to promote rice as an export crop? What have been the effects of government policies on the international competitiveness of other commodities such as corn or cassava? Is there a continuing role for large input subsidies, or should these subsidies be eliminated? What investments are appropriate in the food crop sector? The report examines trends in the government policies and production of five major food crops (rice, corn, soybeans, sugar, and cassava) in Indonesia; analyzes the effects of government input-output pricing policies on domestic production incentives for these food crops; and assesses their relative comparative advantage under the three trade regimes of import substitution, interregional trade, and export promotion. ; PR ; IFPRI1

Agriculture in Indonesia, one of which is food crop agriculture, food crops are dominated by rice and corn products. Indonesia, which was previously known as the most significant food-producing country in the world, is currently experiencing a shift, where Indonesia's rice production has decreased compared to China. The condition of Indonesia's rice and corn production in the world will have an impact on the status of rice and corn in Indonesia, especially in East Java, East Java is a region that has the potential to produce rice and corn compared to the other area in Indonesia, on the other hand, because of Indonesia's demand for rice and corn large enough.The occurrence of COVID 19 has an impact on all aspects of the world and all sectors, one of which is food crops, how the effects of COVID 19 on food crop agriculture in East Java, the results of the study are the behavior of farmers in East Java relatively no difference before the occurrence of COVID 19 and after COVID 19, farmers still work as usual. Rice supply at the level of the farmer community is still sufficient because farmers have harvested a month in March 2020. In Bangkalan Madura the village government has the policy to carry out the harvest by renting harvest tools to anticipate COVID 19, while in Gresik and Lamongan areas farmers continue to do the harvest without assistance harvester. The role of advisory counselors is needed by farmers, this is because extension agents can become counselors of the COVID 19 problem in the community during a pandemic like this, and this is in line with research (Adawiyah, Sumardjo, and Mulyani 2018) that farmers' facilitators influence the adoption of new technologies. With the COVID 19 outbreak, the brothers of the farmers returned home because of the culture of going back or also because the factories, shops, restaurants where they work have been close, this is a burden for farmers.