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This article uses a representative sample of elections held in 80 countries (1992–2012) for a statistical analysis of societal and institutional factors of party system nationalization. The analysis demonstrates that high degrees of political decentralization, such as in federations and devolved states, exert a strong negative effect on party system nationalization. However, in the long-term federalism can accommodate highly nationalized party systems. Another factor that strongly contributes to party system nationalization is a high quality of democracy. The degrees to which different varieties of electoral rules support party system nationalization are associated with a lack of incentives for cultivating the personal vote. Countries with large populations and societies divided along linguistic and/or religious lines tend to have party systems that are less nationalized, but these factors are not as important as institutional determinants. The impact of some of the factors is mitigated by party system fragmentation.

Sovint es llegeix a la bibliografia especialitzada que la nació és construïda tant des de dalt com des de baix, que és una idea i un projecte, però també un sentiment. Al mateix temps, es destaca cada cop més la importància que tenen certs factors culturals en la construcció i reproducció del nacionalisme. Aquest article segueix aquestes línies de reflexió i contribueix al debat sobre la nacionalització, tot enriquint la perspectiva historiogràfica amb les aportacions dels treballs comparatius entre nacions des d'una metodologia qualitativa entre història, sociologia, antropologia, psicologia social i ciències polítiques. L'objectiu és pensar des dels casos del Quebec i Catalunya els aspectes culturals del nacionalisme, els factors de nacionalització, la socialització i el rol de les pràctiques culturals per entendre un procés clau del nacionalisme: la nacionalització. ; Contemporary studies on nationalism emphasize that the nation is built both from above and from below. The nation is an idea and a project but also a national feeling. At the same time, the importance of cultural factors in the construction and reproduction of nationalism has been highlighted. Following this perspective, this article aims to collaborate in the debate on nationalization, enriching the historiographical perspective with the contributions of the comparative studies between nations without state from a qualitative methodology between History, Sociology, Anthropology and Political science. Taking into account the cases of Catalonia and Quebec, the main objective is to think about the cultural aspects of nationalism, the factors involved in the nationalization process, the socialization and the role of cultural practices to understand a key process of nationalism, that is to say nationalization. ; Es común leer en la bibliografía especializada que la nación es construida tanto desde arriba como desde abajo, que es una idea y un proyecto pero también un sentimiento. Al mismo tiempo, se viene destacando cada vez más la importancia que tienen ciertos factores culturales en la construcción y reproducción del nacionalismo. Este artículo sigue estas líneas de reflexión y contribuye al debate sobre la nacionalización, enriqueciendo la perspectiva historiográfica con las aportaciones de los trabajos comparativos entre naciones desde una metodología cualitativa entre historia, sociología, antropología, psicología social y ciencias políticas. El objetivo es pensar desde los casos del Quebec y Cataluña los aspectos culturales del nacionalismo, los factores de nacionalización, la socialización y el rol de las prácticas culturales para entender un proceso clave del nacionalismo: la nacionalización.

PurposeMost prior literature on the GCC workforce nationalization has focused on a limited set of themes (e.g. nationalization challenges), initiatives (e.g. quota system) and methodology (e.g. qualitative) and none has captured the full range of content associated with its implementation phenomenon resulting in our current incomplete knowledge on it. As one of the first studies on this phenomenon, our study explores the factors influencing comprehensive implementation of workforce nationalization in Qatar. We postulate a research model based on the strategic human resource and strategic management works of literature which contain five exogenous variables under three perspectives: Qatarization, organizational and environmental.Design/methodology/approachThe study model was tested by using structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze data collected from 300 managers in Qatar.FindingsThe results show that four variables –formal Qatarization planning, top management commitment, Qatarization experience and stakeholder pressures – positively influence the comprehensive implementation of Qatarization efforts.Practical implicationsSuccessfully implementing Qatarization objectives requires a robust synergy between dedicated planning and unwavering commitment from top management. Further, to effectively navigate the challenges of nationalization, collaboration with key stakeholders becomes pivotal. Our findings offer actionable insights for public organizations aiming to optimize their Qatarization efforts, emphasizing the integral role of holistic strategies and committed leadership.Originality/valueWe introduce a novel research model rooted in both strategic human resource and strategic management theories. Diverging from traditional qualitative approaches, our quantitative methodology provides empirical depth to our findings.

No topic has evoked so much discussion in all parts of Great Britain, and indeed in the world outside, as the Labour Party's programme to nationalize 20 per cent of the economy. Nationalization is recognized by all as the most important domestic issue facing the nation because the industries brought under public ownership are vital to Britain's economic recovery at home and a key to her future role in foreign affairs. As the Conservatives will continue the programme as conceived by Labour, except in the case of the iron and steel industry which will probably be returned to private ownership, an analysis of British nationalization is as pertinent today as it was during the Labour Party's tenure in office.The Labour Party defined its nationalization plan in a 1945 electoral document titled Let Us Face the Future which stated in part:There are basic industries ripe and over-ripe for public ownership and management in the direct service of the nation. There are many smaller businesses rendering good service which can be left to go on with their useful work.There are big industries not yet ripe for public ownership which must nevertheless be required by constructive supervision to further the nation's needs and not to prejudice national interests by restrictive anti-social monopoly or cartel agreements, caring for their own capital structures and profits at the cost of a lower standard of living for all.