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This article compares two different measures of gender identity. Drawing on an online survey conducted with a representative sample of Americans that included both a single bipolar scale and separate masculinity and femininity scales, we compare how the same people respond depending on how gender identity is measured. The results of validation tests suggest that a single bipolar scale performs just as well in differentiating among those with sex-typical gender identities but separate masculinity and femininity scales are needed for studies investigating the political behaviour and preferences of those with sex-atypical identities.

The amended version of the EU Qualification Directive, adopted in 2011, marks further progress in ensuring LGBTI applicants' rights by explicitly adding gender identity alongside sexual orientation as a cause of persecution. Adapted from the source document.

Gender identity is defined as social and cultural conception of an individual as a male or a female. This concept is associated with certain gender roles and behaviour in patriarchal societies that want to develop power hierarchy between men and women. Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook came into existence as a feminist fiction that bewildered common readers' mind with its description about free women who were trapped in gender identity like other traditional women of Britain but slowly they resisted their femininity by acquiring social, political and economic equality with men and enjoying divorce and sexual liberty.

The increase in children referred with gender identity issues is putting social workers under pressure over how to respond appropriately. Experts say a legal ruling highlights the need for practitioners to be properly trained

Each year, thousands of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) asylum seekers apply for asylum in EU Member States. This book considers the position of LGBTI asylum seekers in European asylum law. Developing an encompassing approach to the topic, the book identifies and analyzes the main legal issues arising in relation to LGBTI people seeking asylum including: the underestimation of the relevance of criminalization of sexual orientation as well as the large scale violence against trans people in countries of origin by some European states; the requirement to seek State protection against violence even when they originate from countries where sexual orientation or gender identity is criminalized, or where the authorities are homophobic; the particular hurdles faced during credibility assessment on account of persisting stereotypes; and queer families and refugee law. The book gives a state of the art overview of law in Europe, both at the level of European legislation and at the level of Member State practice. While being largely focused on Europe, the book also takes into account asylum decisions from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States and is of relevance internationally, offering analysis of issues which are not specific to particular legal systems.

The subject of this research is human rights related to Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Nations. The UPR is a unique peer review mechanism which reviews all UN member states in a universal manner, but also a source of politicisation along regional lines. This politicisation has a detrimental effect on the universality of the process, especially in relation to controversial issues, such as human rights challenging of traditional perceptions about gender. The aim of this dissertation is to quantify and understand how states of different regional belonging accommodate for recommendations related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. This is realised through a quantitative study including logistic regression and a simple multilevel analysis. The findings are explored within the theoretical framework of the debate between universalism and relativism linked with a feminist perspective on cultural relativism in order to illuminate specific characteristics of human rights related to gender norms. The study reveals that tendencies toward politicisation along regional lines are fortified in relation to the issue of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, challenging the universality of human rights. Furthermore, the level of economic and social development in the State under Review and the phrasing of the recommendations also influence states' actions on these rights in the UPR.

AbstractHow do sexual and gender minorities use social media to express themselves and construct their identities? We discuss findings drawn from focus groups conducted with 17 sexual and gender minority social media users who shared their experiences of online harms. They include people with gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans, queer, asexual, non‐binary, pansexual, poly, and kink (LGBTQ+) identities. We find that sexual and gender minorities face several challenges online, but that social media platforms provide important spaces for them to feel understood and accepted. We use Goffman's work to explore how sexual and gender minorities engage in 'front region' performances online as part of their identity work. We then turn to Hochschild's concepts of 'feeling rules' and 'framing rules' to argue that presentations of self, or front region performances, must include the role of feelings and how they are socially influenced to be understood.