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В статье представлен исторический и теоретический анализ одного из новых направлений исследования бытования варваров — гендерной истории варварства. Гендер рассматривается как системная категория сложившейся в варваристике базовой терминологии. Впервые предпринята попытка проанализировать познавательный потенциал варваристики, включив в ее понятийную структуру гендерный подход. Рассматриваются наиболее значимые термины, понятия и концепты, их роль в структуре когниции варвара. Обозначены и раскрыты в исторической ретроспективе ключевые характеристики понятия «гендерное варварство» как устойчивого социокультурного явления. Специально анализируются субъекты и «мишени» гендерной истории, зарождающиеся концепты «латентного» варварства. Рассмотрены условия всеобщей экспансии архаической семантики терминов «варвар» и «варварство», особенности их трансляции и трансмутации во времени и пространстве.
The article presents a historical and theoretical analysis of one of the new directions of the study of the existence of barbarians — the gender history of barbarism. Gender is considered as a systemic category of the basic terminology that has developed in barbarism. For the first time, an attempt has been made to analyze the cognitive potential of barbarism by including a gender approach in its conceptual structure. The most significant terms, concepts and concepts, their role in the structure of the barbarian cognition are considered. The key characteristics of the concept of "gender barbarism" as a sustainable socio-cultural phenomenon are identified and disclosed in historical retrospect. The subjects and "targets" of gender history, emerging concepts of "latent" barbarism are specially analyzed. The conditions of the general expansion of the archaic semantics of the terms "barbarian" and "barbarism", the features of their translation and transmutation in time and space are considered.

The paper identifies the reasons for the lack of the gender equality officer in the Russian Federation against the background of the Nordic countries and Germany experience and conditions for the establishment of the gender equality in Europe. Using gender approach the political and cultural situation of the Russian society is analyzed and the ways to solve the problem are suggested.

The relevance of this article is determined by the sustainable reproduction of gender stereotypes in various areas of Russian society. It is shown that gender stereotypes act as part of a person's motivational complex and, under certain conditions, become a barrier to its development. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature, functions and mechanisms of the impact of gender stereotypes on the life strategies of an individual in a digital society. Offering a typology of personal life strategies, the authors consider a system for transmitting gender stereotypes in preschool and school education. They consider two types of life strategies: the development strategy and the strategy of everyday life. The development strategy refers to the behavior of individuals, which corresponds to the rejection of dependent moods, focus on continuing education and professional success, creative use of their personal potential. The strategy of everyday life involves a focus on solving not long-term, but life's immediate problems, as well as a high degree of dependence of an individual on the social support of the state. Using the example of content analysis of preschool children's literature, as well as textbooks of primary, secondary and high school, the authors show that the set of professions and family roles represented in the studied content forms and broadcasts gender stereotypes about professions, occupations, and social roles. High degree of the influence of gender stereotypes on the choice of a profession is a barrier to the development of personality and has a negative impact on the quality of women's human capital. The state and society may face the problem of a significant part of women abandoning the development strategy in favor of the daily life strategy. The results of the study can be used in the work of Federal and local authorities, in implementation of the Federal projects «Digital Economy» and «Education», as well as in scientific works on this issue.

The article analyzes various studies in the field of population behavior in the financial market. Since psychological factors related to mentality, temperament, and risk-taking play an important role in implementing financial strategies, along with rational motives, women and men may behave differently. An attempt is made to answer the question: whether there are significant gender differences in financial behavior models, and whether this aspect requires a close attention of scientists who study trends and features of forming strategies of Russians when making economic decisions. A review of Russian and foreign studies aimed at investigation of gender characteristics of investment behavior and financial literacy is performed. Traditionally, in most families, men are responsible for the financial situation, they are more concerned with providing for their family, earning and multiplying money. Women, as a rule, are more concerned with the «inner» side of family life — so that everyone is fed, dressed, shod, and provided with everything necessary. Therefore, if both of them have decided to invest, the emphasis in the well-known formula «save and multiply» is made by men on the second word, and by women — on the first. As a result, women are significantly less likely to take risks and more likely to make profitable transactions. Men are more prone to take risks, for them it is not so much the result of investment that is important, as the excitement, and work in the financial markets is somewhat akin to hunting. Probably there are some primitive triggers at the level of the subconscious that are blocked by the norms of morality and etiquette in society. For women, stability is much more important, and the desire to maintain a sense of security prevails rather than a thirst for risk. The study revealed poor elaboration of this topic, lack of Russian research on gender-specific financial behavior due to the underdevelopment of the Russian financial market, as well as the lack of sufficient supply of financial instruments for further accumulation of experience in implementing their strategies by representatives of both genders.

Древнейшие греческие историки (Акусилай Аргосский, Гекатей Милетский, Ферекид Афинский, Харон Лампсакский, Гелланик Лесбосский, Ксанф Лидийский и др.), принадлежали, наряду с Геродотом и в отличие от Фукидида, к ионийской традиции историописания. Именно в позднеархаической Ионии появился у греков сам концепт варварства (самые ранние случаи употребления слова «варвар» встречаем у нескольких ионийских авторов рубежа VI–V вв. до н.э.). Концепт этот имел, помимо прочего, свой гендерный аспект. Существовала отчетливая тенденция сближать варваров с женским полом, которая порождалась рядом факторов — от чисто внешних, привходящих, до более принципиальных (признавали приоритет эмоций над разумом как у женщин, так и у варваров, тем и другим приписывались разного рода девиации и т.п.). В статье рассмотрен релевантный источниковый материал, содержащийся в сохранившихся фрагментах ранних историков. Этот материал отличается чертой, которая в целом может быть определена формулировкой «феминизация варварского и варваризация фемининного».
The earliest Greek historians (Acusilaus of Argos, Hecataeus of Miletus, Pherecydes of Athens, Charon of Lampsacus, Hellanicus of Lesbos, Xanthus of Lydia and others) belonged, side by side with Herodotus and in contrast to Thucydides, to the Ionian tradition of historical writing. It was exactly in Late Archaic Ionia that the very concept of barbarity made it appearance in the Greek tradition (the earliest cases of use of the word "barbarian" we can see in several Ionian authors of the late 6th and early 5th centuries B.C). The concept in question had, among other aspects, a gender-conditioned one. There was a distinct trend to bring together barbarians and women, which was generated by a number of factors, both purely external, attendant ones and ones based on principle (barbarians as well as women were considered creations with priority of emotions over reason, and deviations of various kinds were ascribed to both). The article deals with the relevant source material that extant fragments of early historians contain. That material is notable for a feature, which in general may be defined by the formula "feminizing the barbarian and barbarizing the feminine".

"In diesem Beitrag wird eine reflexive Analyse darüber geleistet, in welcher Weise Gender-Perspektiven Sozialforschung beeinflussen. Es wird verdeutlicht, dass der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungspraxis in der Regel androzentrische und sexistische Positionen unterliegen. Dies hat negative Konsequenzen für Frauen, die in unterschiedlichen sozialwissenschaftlichen Feldern in die Produktion und Dissemination von Wissen involviert sind: Die herrschenden Praktiken behindern Frauen bei der Planung und Durchführung wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung und bei der Veröffentlichung der Forschungsergebnisse. Es handelt sich bei dem Gender-Bias um ein ethisches Problem mit erheblicher Bedeutung für die Sozialforschung. Ethik, die bei jeder Art von Forschungshandeln eine Rolle spielt, ist eng mit Entscheidungen im Forschungsprozess verknüpft, die wiederum durch den unterliegenden Bias gezeichnet sind. Insoweit spielt Ethik eine Schlüsselrolle in all jenen Prozessen, die auf Gender-sensitive Forschung und gegen die Diskriminierung von Frauen bzw. Ungleichheiten zwischen Männern und Frauen hinarbeiten." (Autorenreferat)

Author reveals the features of the political culture of the electorate in Russia and Germany. Through the comparative survey he finds gender differences in political consciousness and the voting behavior. Author analyzes the reasons for the limited participation of women in Russian political life and provides some recommendations
for improving the democratization process of the political sphere.

This article is devoted to the study of factors that affect inequality in the housekeeping time allocation among partners in Russia (without considering the time spent on caring for household members). To identify inequality factors, we used nonparametric methods of statistical analysis. Based on data from Selective supervision of use of daily fund of time by the population, we checked the influence of several respondents' characteristics and characteristics of the households, which respondents are a part of, on the distribution of household duties between partners. The work on the basis of empirical data confirmed a number of hypotheses, in particular, it was shown that there is a significant relationship between the distribution of household responsibilities between partners and the age of each of the partners, self- assessment of partners' health status, employment status, self-assessment of the financial status of the household, the number of children and their health condition. It should be noted that, according to our estimates, the difference in the time spent by partners is also influenced by the level of education of male partners, while the level of education of female partners does not have a significant effect. In addition, we did not reveal a clear relationship between the dynamics of the indicator we are interested in and the difference in the age of partners, the presence of chronic diseases or disabilities among respondents, marital status, and working conditions.

Today, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a birth rate factor, which allows almost every person to give birth to a child, regardless of health. Fully reliable gender selection is only possible through pre-implantation diagnostics (PGD) as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Usually preference is given to boys, and the problem turns from individual family into a socio-gender problem, which can only be solved at the state level. While traditional methods of gender regulation involved selective abortions or killing of newborns («infanticide»), modern ART technically solves the issue at the pre-implantation stage, but entails ethical, psychological and financial problems that require special control. By prohibiting sex-selective abortions, the state limits the possibility of gender choice at the stage of conception to the risk of inherited diseases transmission due to fears of seriously disturbing natural gender balance, creating prerequisites for «genomocide». According to the National ART registries, Surveys of the International Federation of Fertility Societies for 2010–2019, Russian and foreign «hospital» statistics and the media, the article shows increase in the popularity of PGD that makes it possible to make a gender choice. In Russia, where the number of children in a family rarely exceeds two, and reproductive clinics perform all IVF programs, the choice of child's gender is possible only with medically-justified PGD, and almost always performed at the expense of the patient. The only perspective in this situation is inclusion of such a PGD in the Compulsory Health Insurance system, when the gender of an unborn child becomes an additional, and its health — the main result.

Health is the highest value, which was further confirmed by the events related to the spread of coronavirus infection, which destabilized all social processes. This article discusses scientific approaches that explain the specifics of the formation of gender-specific attitudes to health. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the gender characteristics of the attitude to health in relation to the regional attempt. The significance of the study of the practices of health-saving behavior of men and women in conditions of increased epidemiological load is determined. The analysis carried out in the article is based on the results of a sociological study conducted in April–May 2021 among the population of the Kursk and Belgorod regions. The sample size was 657 people. Based on the results obtained, regional peculiarities of behavior in the field of health of residents of Kursk and Belgorod are identified.

Este artículo analiza la relación de las mujeres con la política en el marco de los efectos de la aplicación de la ley de cuotas en México, poniendo especial énfasis en la violencia política de género como una variable explicativa de la subrepresentación política de las mujeres. Además de información primaria derivada de entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión, se analizan los datos obtenidos en la última elección federal (2012), y se lleva a cabo la revisión críticade estudios sobre mujeres y partidos políticos en México. Los resultados de la investigación indican que las dinámicas existentes en los partidos políticos, entendidos como organizaciones que reproducen patrones de género tradicionales, constituyen una variable central para explicar las particularidades del proceso mediante el cual las mujeres logran acceder a las candidaturas y dar cuenta de las experiencias sobre discriminación, acoso y violencia asociado a las campañas y al desempeño parlamentario. A su vez, se sostiene que la eficacia de la implementación de los marcos normativos tendientes a favorecer el incremento de la participación de las mujeres en los parlamentos está supeditada a la cultura política partidaria dominante en México.

Digitalization changes the nature of work and the demands for competences of a modern employee, but the speed and volume of digitalization differ by type of economic activity. In the context of existing gender differentiation on the labor market, differences in the degree of digitalization lead to the fact that male and female types of employment change differently. The aim of the article is to determine the degree and features of digitalization of "women's" and "men's" spheres of employment and draw conclusions on the prospective impact of these differences on gender inequality. Data analysis concerning current gender differentiation on the labor market, the scale of occupational digitalization and the use of information technologies for various purposes allows us to conclude that both "male" and "female" professions are highly digitalized, but the nature of the changes is different. Data on the gender distribution in the areas of employment and the degree of digitalization of these areas allow us to distinguish 3 categories of women's participation in digital economy: 1. Household use of digital technologies; 2. Digital technologies use while performing labor functions; 3. Creation of digital technologies and direct participation in digitalization. The areas of women's primary employment (health care, information and communication, finance, education) are currently the leaders in employing digital technologies, so computer technologies penetrate more intensively into the professional activities of women than in "male" professions (for example, construction). However, in software development and digital technology management, women are less represented, acting as users of technologies created mainly by men. Since creation is primary related to usage, digitalization enhances gender inequality determining the innovative role for men and the user role for women, which should be taken into account while implementing policies aimed at overcoming inequality.