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The article deals with the peculiarities of government social policy to supportmotherhood and childhood in Germany.It was defined that the main spheres of government family policy in Germany were thefollowing ones: strengthening economic stability in a family; gender equality; supportingfamily and professional activity; providing mothers and children with proper healthcare;increasing birth rate; children's welfare, their social and cognitive development.Key words: government policy, support, motherhood, childhood, Germany. ; У статті розглянуто особливості державної соціальної політики підтримки материнства і дитинства в Німеччині. Досліджено, що основними напрямками державної сімейної політики у Німеччині були: зміцнення економічної стабільності родини; гендерна рівність; сприяння узгодженню сімейної та професійної діяльності; охорона здоров'я матері й дитини; підвищення рівня народжуваності, сприяння добробуту дітей, їх пізнавального та соціального розвитку.Ключові слова: соціальна політика, підтримка, материнство, дитинство, Німеччина.

The article is devoted to the study of the doctrine of formalized and non-formalized basic human rights in Ukraine and Germany. To achieve this research goal, the following research objectives have been identified: 1) to outline a subsystem of formalized fundamental human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights; 2) identify the subsystem of unformalized basic human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights, to name the problems of its functioning; 3) to analyze the national doctrine of formalized and non-formalized human rights and freedoms, to make proposals on the development of the theory and practice of affirmation and maintenance of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: a) It is found that one of the dimensions of the existence of the human rights and freedoms system in Germany is its division into: formalized (written) and unformalized (unwritten) human rights. However, both types of human rights have equal constitutional status; b) It is stated that the formation of the human rights system, both formalized and unformalized, is not monopolized by the state. Legal science is actively involved in the formation of this system. Scientists' conclusions and suggestions, both on the list and on the content of individual human rights, are applied at the same level as the legislation in the exercise of a specific human right or freedom in Germany; c) it is determined that the list of unformalized (unwritten) human rights in Germany is open, as new informal human rights can emerge as a result of the activities of both the judiciary and the state; d) it is stated that in Ukraine only formalized human rights that have a normatively defined mechanism of their realization are able to be asserted and secured by the Ukrainian state. Informal rights can exist only in the form of scientific theories and concepts, but do not have a real dimension of ...

Political philosophy, that rather disreputable, not very philosophical branch of philosophy, has always wanted to get out of politics, to put an end to this politics of politics, by finally speaking its truth. Ideally, the fond -est desire may be to find or invent a politics unaffected by the politics of politics (a truly moral politics, perhaps, of the kind Kant seems to encourage), but that desire is metaphysical through and through. So-called "cheap politics" is engaged in the politics of politics as soon as that phenomenon is engaged in politics, i.e. from the very first, "naturally" as Aristotle put it. The logos of politics is irreducibly affected by the kind of distortion and deceit that is usually – moralistically – associated with rhetoric or sophistry, with "spin tactics". Politics is always already the politics of politics.Key words: politics of politics, sophistry, spin tactics, rhetorical figure, politics of truth. ; Political philosophy, that rather disreputable, not very philosophical branch of philosophy, has always wanted to get out of politics, to put an end to this politics of politics, by finally speaking its truth. Ideally, the fond -est desire may be to find or invent a politics unaffected by the politics of politics (a truly moral politics, perhaps, of the kind Kant seems to encourage), but that desire is metaphysical through and through. So-called "cheap politics" is engaged in the politics of politics as soon as that phenomenon is engaged in politics, i.e. from the very first, "naturally" as Aristotle put it. The logos of politics is irreducibly affected by the kind of distortion and deceit that is usually – moralistically – associated with rhetoric or sophistry, with "spin tactics". Politics is always already the politics of politics.Key words: politics of politics, sophistry, spin tactics, rhetorical figure, politics of truth.

The article is devoted to the study of the theory of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental human rights in Ukraine and Germany. The article analyses the scientific studies of Ukrainian and German scientists, which reflect the doctrine of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental rights. The legislation of Ukraine and Germany was also investigated from the point of view of the normative regulation of the named guarantees of fundamental rights. The analysis of the Ukrainian doctrine on the guarantee of human rights and freedoms makes it possible to determine its following features: 1) institutional and organizational guarantees of human rights are defined by the constituent elements of the system of human rights guarantees; 2) they belong to the special (legal or legal) guarantees of human rights; 3) the guarantees of human rights directly depend on their official affirmation in the legislation of Ukraine, because it is they that they find their objective reflection; 4) the guarantors of human rights and freedoms are authorized to determine the basic rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to establish mechanisms for their implementation and protection; 5) human rights guarantors are mainly public authorities that have a normatively defined function to guarantee and secure one or more human rights. The study of the German and Austrian doctrine of basic human rights allows us to determine the following characteristics: 1) basic human rights give rise to guarantees for the individual as their carrier. This is one of their central functions; 2) fundamental rights are directed against the state. These are restrictions for: a) the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany; b) executive power; c) jurisdiction; 3) the state is not the creator of fundamental rights, it only recognizes the fact of their existence. The realization of fundamental rights does not depend on the level of their consolidation in the legislation; 4) the system of guaranteeing fundamental rights includes: ...

The article highlights the main points of transition to the second stage of decentralization in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the state regional policy of Ukraine can not be reduced to the reform of the administrative and territorial system only. However, it is currently impossible to achieve economic growth and development of the state as a whole without reforming the territorial organization of government and systematic understanding of the place of communities in regional development. The article studies the evolution of voluntary merger of territorial communities. At the transition to the second stage of decentralization, which suggests formation of a subregional administrative and territorial system, it is proposed to consider merger of territorial communities based on the principle of their capacity, consolidating or reformatting them if necessary. This will help to achieve community competitiveness and economic growth.

This article focuses on the analysis of the problem of implementing e-government as a form of public administration in Ukraine. Modern reforms of public administration are carried out with the implementation of e-government mechanisms, which allows to qualitatively improve the interaction between the state and the citizen. The definitions of "e-government" and "public administration" are given in article. It is determined that e-government is the most effective form of public administration, which allows to rationalize the costs of realize government powers, effectively identifying (or reducing) corruption risks in the provision of administrative services, giving citizens access to information. In the article set out three main problems without decision of which the introduction of e-government is impossible. The first is the low level of development of information and communication infrastructure. According to the author, the infrastructure is not ready for the introduction of e-government. The second problem is the lack of knowledge and skills of the population, citizens are not familiar with the use of computers and the Internet. The third problem is not the systemic measures of the authorities to implement e-government. An analysis of the introduction of e-government previous years was also conducted, and were studied current government initiatives and projects. It is concluded that the implementation of e-government in Ukraine, generates numerous problems, but the prospects of development is positive , active development of e-government by the authority provides by the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, which started movement in case of electronic documents. E-government is the key to the development of democracy may reduce the corruption risks, save resources and improve the interaction of citizens with the state, ignoring e-government make democratic development of Ukraine impossible.

The article is devoted to the implementation of the state digital policy in Ukraine in the context of creating E-Government initiative and adopting the Law on Electronic Trust Services. The author explains that from the moment of its introduction and hitherto, there are issues in electronic services' usage, their consumer orientation and usability. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of implementing digital policy in Ukraine, the author focuses on the national concept of digital state development and concludes that it is limited to the government services. Instead, in the author's view, it would be advisable to promote the digital government as a collaboration between the state and citizens. The author also did not miss the features of electronic trust services, their components and importance for practical implementation: online purchases, participation in public affairs, electronic workflows in court, recognition by mobile phone, etc. Reaffirming the importance and necessity of state digital policy, the author refers to a comparison of the practices of its implementation in Ukraine and Estonia, whose successes in this way are indisputable and often serve as an example to be followed. It is underlined that there is scope for building a functional digital service system in Ukraine, however, different principles of user data protection were already doubted because of security issues, since the creation of a common digital data space was announced by the Government of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the lack of measures to preserve the user's data protection of digital government systems will create high risks to a national security and the manipulation of confidential user information. Thus, the digital data space has legislative regulation but in a very schematic level and without practical tolls, which does not in any way create a "trust environment" in the cyberspace of Ukraine. In such circumstances, it is impossible to guarantee a high motivation for using such electronic trust services. All in all, ...

This article deals with the legal regulation of minors in Germany and Ukraine. Minors do not have enough intellectual ability to predict legal conse-
quences of their acts. That is why they need a special protection. The study primarily focuses on minors as a subject of law in Civil and Family Law.

The aim of the article is to study and compare legal regulation for minors under both German and Ukrainian law.

First of all, the notion of minors is analysed. It is assumed that the term minor is not clear. It has different meanings in both German and Ukrain-
ian national law. International legislation does not clear the issue.

Second, the legal regulation of minors is studied. The issue of age limits in the national Civil Law of Germany as well as Ukraine are examined
and compared. It is suggested that the age limits are closely connected to the legal capacity of the natural persons. The comparative analysis of
legal regulation of minors in Civil Law of both countries shows that the provisions of German Civil Law concerning the legal capacity of minors
differ sufficiently from Ukrainian ones. For example, in Germany children under seven years old do not have legal capacity, while minors at the age
from seven to eighteen years old have limited legal capacity. Whereas in Ukraine, minors under fourteen years old have partial legal capacity, while
minors between fourteen and eighteen years old have incomplete legal capacity.
Last but not least, the minors' rights and their scope from the point of view of a family and the state are explored. The comparison shows that
the legal regulation of minors' rights as well as an attitude to the minors in society in Germany differs from Ukraine. Finally, it is proposed to amend
the Family Code of Ukraine in respect of minors' rights. It is wise to consider an opinion of minors in family issues.

Стаття присвячена аналізу теоретичних і практичних аспектів упровадження механізмів government relations (GR) у систему взаємодії влади та бізнесу. GR розглядається у порівнянні з лобізмом, public relations та public af-fairs. У статті відзначено, що GR створює нові можливості забезпечення узгодження інтересів влади, бізнесу та громадянського суспільства в Україні. У цьому сенсі GR є суспільно важливим механізмом для демократичного ро-звитку країни, оскільки дає можливість бізнесу та інституціям громадянського суспільства впливати на рішення влади. Деякі автори пов'язують GR з лобізмом, вважаючи, що ці поняття тотожні. Проте, різниця між ними є суттєвою. На відміну від традиційних форм лобізму, які тісно пов'язані з міжособистісною взаємодією з політиками і державними службовцями, GR має цілу низку стратегічних переваг.По-перше, в суспільній свідомості в Україні лобізм, на відміну від GR, практично є синонімом корупції, оскільки контакти зацікавлених осіб із представниками політичного істеблішменту відбуваються кулуарно. Скритність цього процесу веде до ефекту негативного сприйняття у соціальній свідомості.По-друге, лобізм призводить до залежності суб'єктів лобіювання від персоналій у владних структурах, від їх суб'єктивних переваг і побажань. Це негативним чином позначається на довгостроковому плануванні, а також ставить учасників ринку в нерівне становище, коли, наприклад, державні за-мовлення розподіляються на користь одного з учасників.По-третє, особливістю GR є постійне використання інноваційних ко-мунікативних технологій, які прийшли з форсайту, PR та електоральних кампаній.У статті робиться висновок, що GR в Україні є важливим інструментом діалогу держави і бізнесу, від якого залежать: якість державного управління, унормованість ринкового середовища, умови конкуренції, розвиток бізнесу загалом. Такий діалог потребує законодавчого захисту й механізмів ухвалення на його основі обов'язкових для всіх сторін рішень, адже бізнес, орієнтований на перспективу, найперше очікує від влади стабільних правил гри і ...

Тhe article analyses the main methods of management personnel is represented in the works of domestic and foreign works, are allocated to the social aspects of regulation and impact on the achievement of efficient use of labor potential of the company. Examines the socio-psychological methods of management and submitted their detailed classification . Conclusions are made about the need for a new vision of the role of employees in the activity of the agricultural enterprises and search methods, and strengthening their capacity

The article analyzes human dignity as a legal category and fundamental natural human right. The place and role of the right to human dignity in the system of constitutional rights of Ukraine and Germany are compared. The scientific substantiation of the right to human dignity in Ukraine and Germany, its normative protection in both countries, is investigated. The approaches to defining and interpreting the right to human dignity in the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany are compared.

The relationship between the right to human dignity and other human rights is determined, as well as the sphere of protection of this right. In particular, there are parallels between the right to life and the right to human dignity, and their relationship is determined. It is substantiated that the human life and dignity of each person enjoy the same constitutional protection regardless of the duration of the individual's physical existence.

It is established that among Ukrainian scholars there is no unified view of the right to dignity as a fundamental natural right. The right to human dignity in Ukraine is enshrined in the norms of constitutional, civil and criminal law. For the most part, the protection of the right to human dignity is correlated with the right to the protection of honour and goodwill. The right to human dignity and honour are not clearly distinguished. The legisla- tion of Ukraine does not contain a legal norm defining the concept of the right to human dignity. The case-law of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in this area is not sufficiently developed and does not constitute a proper legal framework.

In Germany, the right to human dignity is a decisive and fundamental human right that is fundamental to all other rights. Human dignity is the supreme fundamental value and the root of all fundamental rights. The right to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Constitution of the Fed- eral Republic of Germany defines it as an absolute value, which means that it cannot be restricted by any other norm, even by another fundamental right that follows from human dignity.