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As plataformas digitais de governos são percebidas pela literatura como uma ferramenta eficaz para aumentar a entrega de informações, interação com usuários e prestação de serviços de governos, sendo um dos aspectos mais visíveis dos cidadãos em relação à gestão pública. No entanto, a interação dos cidadãos com os governos ainda não está clara. Os efeitos práticos para a condução de um governo eletrônico, capazes de ampliar essa relação, ainda são invisíveis. Este artigo tem o objetivo de fornecer uma compreensão sobre como os portais públicos são utilizados como ferramenta de governo eletrônico em governos locais, destacando como os conceitos relacionados ao governo eletrônico têm sido empregados empiricamente. O estudo adota uma abordagem qualitativa, analisando cinco municípios de uma microrregião do estado da Bahia. As informações foram obtidas por meio de uma triangulação que envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise dos portais e aplicação de questionários de opinião aos cidadãos. As análises indicam uma ausência de ações de convencimento e de processos internos alinhados dos governos, que acabam gerando um descolamento entre a prática e as políticas de governança digital, o que resulta em baixa participação dos cidadãos e desconhecimento dos canais de comunicação governamentais. O estudo contribui para a literatura de governo eletrônico e dá mais informações sobre como pessoas e organizações afetam o uso de tecnologias, fornecendo elementos que podem guiar gestores públicos motivados a aumentar a relação e a comunicação com a sociedade. Destaca-se a necessidade de investigar, no nível organizacional, os fenômenos de transformação digital em governos. ; The literature perceives governments' websites as an effective tool for increasing information delivery, user interaction, and the government services' supply, being the most visible aspects of citizens concerning public management. However, the interaction of citizens with governments is still unclear. The practical implications of conducting e-government, capable of expanding this relationship, are still invisible. This study aims to provide an understanding of how governments' websites are used as an e-government tool in local governments, highlighting how e-government concepts have been empirically employed. The study takes a qualitative approach, examining five municipalities in a microregion in the Brazilian state of Bahia. We gathered the data using a triangulation process that included semi-structured interviews, analysis of the websites, and opinion questionnaires to the citizens. Our research shows that governments lack compelling actions and coordinated internal procedures, resulting in a gap between practice and digital governance policies, resulting in low citizens' participation, and unfamiliarity with government communication channels. The study contributes to the e-government literature by offering further insight into how people and organizations influence technology use, providing elements that can guide motivated public managers to increase relationships and communication with society. We highlight the need to investigate the phenomenon of digital transformation in governments at the organizational level.

Using the Foucaultian framework, we examine here the basic assumption of the modern and contemporary political order, namely the decisive conception that men are governable. In the genealogical path opened by Michel Foucault we examined the political reworking of what was originally the Judeo-Christian spiritual power of governing souls. For Foucault, the modern political government of men is situated at the intersection of two sets of powers foreshadowed in early Christianity: a) the pastoral art of conducting conduct displaced from the eschatological destination of souls to the calculated management of (biopolitical) biological life and b) the dual production of the knowledge necessary for good governance; the utilitarian production of the truth that serves the pastoral art of government itself and the pure or aleturgical manifestation of the truth with regard to the governable.

Tutkimuksen aiheena on kunta ja sen muutos. Tutkin sitä, minkälaisena kunta näyttäytyy sen tehtäväkenttää voimakkaasti rajaavan hallinnonuudistuksen kontekstissa, ja minkälaisia vaikutuksia tällaisella hallinnonuudistuksella on kuntiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä siitä, miten moniulotteisesta ja laajavaikutteisesta muutoksesta kunnan tehtäviä vähentävässä hallinnonuudistuksessa on kyse. Teen näkyväksi sen, minkälaisia merkityksiä kunnalle annetaan, minkälaisia laajempia yhteiskunnallisia vaikutuksia kuntamuutokseen liittyy, ja mistä kuntamuutoksessa itse asiassa on kyse. Tarkastelen kuntaa alati muuttuvana sosiaalisena konstruktiona. Fenomenologisen tutkimusotteen avulla teen näkyväksi kuntajohdon haastatteluista koostuvaa aineistoa analysoimalla, mistä puhumme, kun puhumme kunnasta. Tällä tavoin rekonstruoin kuntakäsitteen. Tutkimuksen käsitteellisinä lähtökohtina ovat kuntakäsitteen ulottuvuudet, hallinnonuudistusten sivuvaikutukset ja kunnan onttoutuminen analogiana valtion onttoutumisesta. Tutkin aihetta empiirisesti tapausesimerkin avulla, Kainuun hallintokokeilua tarkastelemalla. Kuntaan kohdistuvia vaikutuksia ovat haastatteluaineistoni analyysin perusteella organisatoris-toiminnalliset, johtamiseen liittyvät ja kuntakäsitysten muutokset. Muutospuhuntaa värittää läpileikkaavasti ristiriitaisuus. Grounded theory -menetelmää soveltaen olen muodostanut empirialähtöisen teorian kunnasta. Olen määritellyt neljä kunnan olemusta kuvaavaa perustehtävää: demokratiatehtävä, taloustehtävä, yhteisötehtävä ja hyvinvointitehtävä. Näitä tehtäviä yhdistää, niistä ammentaa ja niitä samanaikaisesti ruokkii määrittelemäni kunnan ydintehtävä, raison d´être, jonka mukaisesti kunta on elämisen edellytyksiä luova itsehallinnollinen paikallisyhteisö. Perustehtävät painottuvat eri tavoin eri kunnissa ja niiden painotukset vaihtelevat eri aikoina myös yksittäisen kunnan sisällä. Kunta voi siis olla kunta monella eri tavalla säilyttäen kuitenkin perusolemuksensa. Tutkimukseni perusteella kunnan tehtäväkentän rajaaminen näyttäytyy eri tavoin eri kunnissa. Tehtävien väheneminen itsessään ei horjuta kunnan asemaa ja merkitystä instituutiona. Muutoksen kokemisessa olennaista on kuntajohdon käsitys kunnasta. Palvelutehtävään nojaavissa kunnissa muutos näyttää vaikeammalta, kun taas sellaisissa kunnissa, joissa kunta nähdään moniulotteisempana kokonaisuutena, muutos näyttäytyy helpompana. Palvelukuntakäsitykseen perustuva näkemys kunnasta saa muutoksen näyttämään lopun alulta. Monipuolisempi kuntakäsitys auttaa näkemään muutoksessa uuden alun, jossa kunta on mahdollista keksiä uudelleen. Kunta ei sen tehtävien vähenemisen myötä onttoudu. Sen sijaan muutos paljastaa palvelukuntakäsityksen onttouden, jossa valtion kunnille määräämiin palvelutehtäviin keskittyneen kunnan idea on kadonnut vuosikymmeniä kasvaneen palvelukuorman alle. Tutkimukseni perusteella kuntamuutos näyttäytyy kumulatiivisena prosessina, jossa ei ole selväpiirteistä alkua eikä loppua, vaan jossa erilaiset sykäykset laittavat liikkeelle uusia muutosvoimia, jotka johtavat uusiin muutoksiin. Muutosten suunta vaihtelee eri kunnissa, mikä lisää kuntien erilaistumista. Kunnan olemassaolo näyttäytyy alati muuttuvana jatkumona, jossa kuntaa jatkuvasti rekonstruoidaan, ja jossa kuitenkin on eräitä kiinteästi mukana kulkevia peruselementtejä, jotka jäsentävät kuntana olemista. Hallinnonuudistuksen myötä kuntiin kohdistunut muutos on avannut mahdollisuuden tehdä näkyväksi kunnan olemuksen eri ulottuvuuksia ja kuntana olemisen monia tapoja. Kuntien erilaisuus ja kiihtyvä erilaistuminen haastaa vuosikymmeniä kuntia koskevaa lainsäädäntöä ohjanneen käsityksen kunnista geneerisenä, homogeenisena joukkona. Tämä ajattelutavan muutos vaikuttaa niin paikallistasolla, valtion kuntapolitiikkaan kuin kuntatutkimukseen. Kunta pakenee yhteen muottiin pakottavaa yhtenäiskunta-ajattelua, ja esiin tulevat monet rinnakkaiset kuntatodellisuudet. ; Local government, change and the change of local government This research concerns the change of local government. I focus on the question, how local government appears in a context of administrative reform that reduces the tasks of local government. I also study what kinds of effects the reform has on local government. The aim of this research is to increase understanding about the multidimensionality and the extension of this kind of reform. The research is em-pirical focusing on one case, the regional self-government experiment in Kainuu region, Finland. In my empirical case study research I show what meanings local government is given to, what kinds of broader societal effects the change of local government is connected to and what the change of local government as a whole is about. I consider local government as a constantly changing social construction. By using phenomenological research setting and by analyzing the interview data, I demonstrate what we talk about when talking about local government. By doing this I reconstruct the concept of local government. The conceptual basis of this research is based on the concept of local government, the side-effects of adminis-trative reforms and hollowing out of the local government as an analogy of hollow-ing out of the state. As a result of my grounded theory based analysis I have built an empirically based theory of local government. I examine the effects of the reform that are re-lated to local government and the meanings that local government is given to in the reform context. The local government related effects are 1) organizational and functional effects, 2) effects related to management and 3) the changes in local government conceptions. The rhetoric about change is contradictory when it comes to change, constancy and the nature of change. In my research I have also defined four main tasks for local government based on the data. These tasks are 1) democracy task, 2) economy task, 3) community task and 4) well-being task. These tasks are combined by the core task, raison d´être, of local government that ac-cording to my definition is as follows: local government is a local self-governmental community creating prerequisites for living. The basic tasks are em-phasized differently in different municipalities and the emphasis varies over time also in single municipalities. Local government can, thus, be local government in various ways still maintaining its basic essence. My research indicates that reducing local government tasks affect differently in different municipalities. Task reduction as such does not destabilize the status and meaning of local government. The way local government leaders understand local government seems to be essential when figuring out how the change is experienced. The change seems to be more difficult in municipalities that lean on the service task while the change seems to be easier in municipalities where local government is seen as a more multidimensional unity. Grounding the local government conception on the service task makes the change appear as the beginning of the end while the more versatile conception helps in seeing a new beginning in the change where it is possible to re-invent local government. Thus, local government will not hollow out due to the task reduction but the change reveals the hollowness of service municipality conception. Instead, it seems that the idea of local government has been lost during the decades when the state has given constantly new tasks to the local level. In the light of my research the change of local government appears as a cumulative process with no clear beginning nor clear end, as a process in which various pulses cause new drivers that lead to new changes. The direction of change varies in different municipalities which increases the differentiation of municipalities. The change fosters change so that the existence of local government can be seen as a constantly changing continuum where local government is continuously reconstructed and where are some firm basic elements that structure the existence of local government. The change that the reform has brought up has opened up the chance to make visible the various dimensions of the essence of local government and the various ways of how local government can exist. The difference and differentiation of municipalities challenge the conception of local government as a generic, homogenous group, the conception that has for decades steered the legislation concerning Finnish local government. This change of mindset will have effects not only on the local level but also on the national policy and research concerning local govern-ment. Local government cannot be categorized in one, single unitary form, but instead, various parallel local government realities emerge.

O acesso à informação é uma das condições para o desenvolvimento. A comunicação governamental em ambiente digital, que propicia possibilidades amplas de acesso à informação e uma potencialidade de participação é o enfoque desse artigo. O objetivo do artigo é propor parâmetros de análise para avaliação da comunicação governamental oficial em ambiente digital. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, por propor um método a ser testado para validação. O delineamento da pesquisa é bibliográfico e qualitativo. Foram propostos parâmetros para análise de sítios oficiais das unidades da federação, organizados em cinco dimensões e trinta e três itens de análise, e parâmetros de análise para avaliação dos perfis oficiais de unidades da federação nas redes sociais digitais, organizados em seis dimensões e treze itens de avaliação.

The general objective of this article is to investigate, in Foucault's perspective, the relations between government and subjectivity, through the arts of government and the constitution of the modern state. In this task, we consider the courses given by Foucault, Security, Territory, Population and The birth of biopolitics, to deal with the presence of pastoral power in the constitution of governmentality. The specific objective is to research other possibilities of social organization, associated with democratic principles, such as solidarity and self-management in opposition to the effects generated by neoliberalism, with a generalization of market values ​​in individual and collective practices. In our hypothesis, we consider an anarchist perspective as the vital counterpoint in the production of other forms of social and political life, beyond exclusively economic principles. At this point, we present the basic concepts of anarchist values, such as an idea of ​​self-management, mutual support, an idea of ​​freedom, found in Bakunin, Kropotkin and Goldman, and a possibility of thinking about resistances and practices in the present, as reflected by Rago. We also went through a critique of the model of social organization and the very idea of ​​democracy, based on Graeber's indicators in A project of democracy. Finally, our effort aim to reflect on the possibilities of another world, from a perspective that is radically opposed to the political and social practices that are found nowadays. We intend, therefore, to think about the present time and the possibility of new forms of existence.

This paper examines contemporary modes of incorporation of teaching in high school in Brazil. Is serving as inspiration of Foucault's analytic theories, it was considered as a condition of possibility for the centrality of techno-scientific knowledge and the advent of the conditions of cognitive capitalism and entering the teaching profession within the plots of contemporary bio-economy. We examine this text one of the technologies of government that lead to contemporary teaching in this stage of Basic Education: interactivity as a way of thinking. The deployment of this technology suggests the creation of interactive teaching, become effective from a pedagogical action politically useful and economically productive. In this sense, learning network, the future as something immediate and interactive professionalism are some of the strategies deployed technology within this government. The consideration of teachers as a public as well as the multiplication of meanings related to the learning society, leading to production of "pedagogy of connection" that in this analysis, the formation of Teaching excel with specific conditions to think, act and communicate . Finally, this article defends the view that interactivity operates as a technology of government optimizing the constitution of contemporary teaching in high school in Brazil.

This article discusses artistic work, based on the concepts of self-invention and governmentality analyzed by Foucault, Veyne and Bennett. Life, in liberal rationalities, is understood as a field of government and as a capital. Artists invest their lives, perceptions and feelings in their artworks. Such interest, however, may conduct to identity politics. To avoid the fragmentation of the cultural field, the arts must be considered in their power relations and historical contingencies; understood as public and common goods that manifest more than mere capital but human power of invention. However, the transformation of cultural habits is a long-term task that involves the State, the private initiative and civil society. ; O artigo discorre sobre o trabalho artístico a partir dos conceitos de invenção de si e governamentalidade, analisados por Foucault, Veyne e Bennett. Nas racionalidades liberais, a vida é tomada como campo de governo e como capital. O artista investe sua vida, suas percepções e afetos na criação das obras. Mas esse interesse também pode conduzir a políticas identitárias. Para evitar que o campo se fragmente, as artes devem ser compreendidas, em suas relações de força e contingências históricas, como bens públicos e comuns, que manifestam, mais do que um capital, a potência humana de invenção. Contudo, transformar hábitos culturais é tarefa de longo prazo, que envolve o Estado, a iniciativa privada e a sociedade civil.

The last elections in Brazil have shown a growing participation of evangelicals in the political scenario and a majority identification with right-wing governments. A representative mark of this behavior occurred in the expressive support given to the presidential election of Bolsonaro and in the occupation of several positions in the exercise of his government. The article presents the historical trajectory of evangelical behavior in the political sphere and also the factors that historically configure theimagery of this religious segment, guiding its approaches to the right. Priority is given to the conceptual notion of "imaginary", as used by the so-called new political history. As sources of analysis, in addition to bibliographic texts, audiovisual resources, social media and lyrics from the Brazilian evangelical universe are used.

This study aims to analyze the use of public procurement that, besides providing the government what is needed to reach the objects, is used as a tool to boost technological innovation in the country, which is beneficial to national development. It also presents the short Brazilian experience of using the purchasing power as inductive mechanism for science and technology. ; O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar o uso das contratações públicas, que além de prover a Administração daquilo que é necessário para atender seus objetivos, é utilizado como instrumento para impulsionar a inovação tecnológica no país, o que é benéfico para o desenvolvimento nacional, apresentando, ainda, a tímida experiência brasileira de utilizar o poder de compra governamental como mecanismo indutor de ciência e tecnologia.