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In the early colonial history of South Africa, horses played an important role, both in general transportation and in military operations. Frequent epidemics of African horsesickness (AHS) in the 18th century therefore severely affected the economy. The first scientific research on the disease was carried out by Alexander Edington (1892), the first government bacteriologist of the Cape Colony, who resolved the existing confusion that reigned and established its identity as a separate disease. Bluetongue (BT) was described for the first time by Duncan Hutcheon in 1880, although it was probably always endemic in wild ruminants and only became a problem when highly susceptible Merino sheep were introduced to the Cape in the late 18th century. The filterability of the AHS virus (AHSV) was demonstrated in 1900 by M'Fadyean in London, and that of the BT virus (BTV) in 1905 by Theiler at Onderstepoort, thus proving the viral nature of both agents. Theiler developed the first vaccines for both diseases at Onderstepoort. Both vaccines consisted of infective blood followed by hyper-immune serum, and were used for many years. Subsequent breakthroughs include the adaptation to propagation and attenuation in embryonated eggs in the case of BTV and in mouse brains for AHSV. This was followed by the discovery of multiple serotypes of both viruses, the transmission of both by Culicoides midges and their eventual replication in cell cultures. Molecular studies led to the discovery of the segmented double-stranded RNA genomes, thus proving their genetic relationship and leading to their classification in a genus called Orbivirus. Further work included the molecular cloning of the genes of all the serotypes of both viruses and clarification of their relationship to the viral proteins, which led to much improved diagnostic techniques and eventually to the development of a recombinant vaccine, which unfortunately has so far been unsuitable for mass production. ; Paper given at the 30th World Veterinary Congress, October 2011, Cape ...

This book is a vivid history of racism in post-apartheid South Africa, focusing on how colonialism still haunts black intraracial relationships. In 2008, sixty-four people died in a wave of anti-immigrant violence in the Alexandra township of Johannesburg; in the aftermath, Hashi Kenneth Tafira went to Alexandra and undertook an ethnographic study of why this violence occurred. Presented here, his findings reframe xenophobia as a form of black-on-black racism, unraveling the long history of colonial dehumanization and self-abnegation that continues to shape South African black subjectivities. Studying vernacular, popular stereotypes, gender, and sexual politics, Tafira investigates the dynamics of love relationships between black South African women and black immigrant men, and pervasive myths about male sexuality, economic competition, and immigrants. Pioneering and timely, this book presents a cohesive picture of the new face of racism in the twenty-first century.

Title Page -- About the Layout -- Dedication -- List of Maps, Figures and Tables -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter One: South Africa, 1899-1902: The Last Gentleman's War? -- The geopolitical landscape and the rival strategies -- Boer and Briton -- The Boer offensive and the battles of the frontiers -- The British invasion of the republics -- The change in Boer strategy -- The British counterinsurgency strategy: logistics, blockhouses, mobile columns, camps -- Blockhouses -- Drives: mobile columns and armoured trains -- Boer tactics -- Morale -- Political warfare -- The butcher's bill -- Conclusion -- Chapter Two: Integration and Union, 1902-1914 -- Empire, military organisation and the threat perception -- Pacification of the highveld and creation of the Transvaal Volunteers -- The politics of military integration: the forging of the Union Defence Force -- Conclusion -- Chapter Three: The First World War, 1914-1918 -- The politics of participation -- A bad beginning: gambits and crises -- Military reform and the second invasion of South West Africa -- Raising and dispatch of expeditionary forces -- German East Africa, 1915-1918 -- The Middle East: Egypt and Palestine -- France: mud and trenches -- Conclusion -- Chapter Four: The Inter-war Years, 1919-1939 -- Defence policy, strategic calculations and threat perception -- Demobilisation, rationalisation and reorganisation -- Technology, military innovation and organisational politics -- Politics: domestic and Commonwealth -- Revised threat perception and policy change -- Political opposition and mobilisation -- Conclusion -- Chapter Five: The Second World War, 1939-1945 -- Politics, domestic and imperial -- A house divided: subversion, propaganda and secret agents -- The mobilisation of the Union Defence Force -- Home waters: the expansion of an air force and the creation of a navy

South Africa has undergone enormous economic, social and political change since the beginning of the democratisation process in 1994. The South African economy, including agriculture, is increasingly integrated in world markets with about one-third of agricultural production exported. It is among the world's leading exporters of such agro-food products as wine, fresh fruits and sugar. At the same time, South African agriculture is highly dualistic with a small number of commercial operations run predominantly by white farmers and large numbers of subsistence farms run by black farm

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- World Map -- Chronology -- Chapter 1: Historical Background on Apartheid in South Africa -- Chapter Exercises -- 1. Apartheid in South Africa: An Overview -- 2. Establishing Separate Communities for Different Races -- 3. The Sharpeville Massacre -- 4. A Student Uprising in Soweto -- 5. South Africa's Bishop Tutu-Time for a Peaceful Solution is Short -- 6. The Beginning of the End for Apartheid -- 7. Apartheid has No Future -- 8. S. Africa Tries Out New System with Risky Plan -- Chapter 2: Controversies Surrounding Apartheid in South Africa -- Chapter Exercises -- 1. Apartheid is the Best Policy for South Africa -- 2. Apartheid is an Evil and Unjust System -- 3. South Africa and Foreign Countries Reacted Differently to the Sharpeville Massacre -- 4. Sanctions should not be Imposed on South Africa -- 5. US Companies may not Truly be Leaving South Africa -- 6. Multiple Factors Caused the Collapse of Apartheid -- 7. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was Successful -- 8. Mandela, 20 Years On: Change, But for Whom? -- Chapter 3: Personal Narratives -- Chapter Exercises -- 1. A South African Reflects on his Childhood -- 2. A Political Prisoner Serves Time on Robben Island -- 3. An Imprisoned ANC Leader Learns About Soweto and the New Activists -- 4. A White South African Teen Discovers Truths About his Country -- 5. A Human Being Died That Night: A South African Story of Forgiveness -- Glossary -- Organizations to Contact -- List of Primary Source Documents -- For Further Research -- Index -- Back Cover

South Africa has made impressive strides in economic development over thepast two decades. But in recent years, lower growth has exacerbated highunemployment, inequality, and vulnerabilities. Although weak trading partner growthcontributed, domestic factors were an important reason why South Africa's growth hasbeen below that of other emerging markets. Large current account and fiscal deficits, sofar easily financed by global liquidity, have raised vulnerabilities

The Constitution of South Africa provides simply for claimants to represent anyone who cannot act, or a group, or the public interest. In the absence of more detailed procedural rules on how these rights are to operate, the courts have had to grapple with issues on standing within a difficult socioeconomic and political background. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

South Africa is the world's 25th-largest country by surface area, and 24th-largest by population. It is located at the southernmost region of Africa and divided into nine provinces: Limpopo, North West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape. South Africa's colonial past dates to the 16th century. Slavery was widespread by the 17th century and was not abolished until the mid-19th century. Racial discrimination was rampant during the apartheid era between 1948-94, when South Africa was governed by the National Party. After protracted negotiations, the first democratic elections were held under an Interim Constitution in 1994. This negotiated transition from apartheid to democracy has been hailed as both 'one of the most astonishing political achievements of our time' and 'a miracle'. Since 1994 the government has been led by the African National Congress (ANC), which won democratic elections in 1999, 2004 and 2009. Since 1994 the government has pursued democratisation, socioeconomic change and reconciliation.

577Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Applicant requesting diplomatic protection from Government of South Africa against Government of Zimbabwe — Whether applicant entitled to diplomatic protection — Whether State having obligation to provide diplomatic protection — Position under international law — Whether South Africa entitled to afford diplomatic protection — South African Constitution — Responsibility of executive for conducting foreign relations — Discretion of executive with respect to diplomatic relations — Zimbabwean expropriation of farmland — Whether violating international minimum standardsNationality — Diplomatic protection — Nationality requirement for international delict — Whether nationality rule disqualifying South African Government from affording diplomatic protection to applicant — Applicant sole shareholder in companies incorporated in Zimbabwe — Whether expropriation of property of companies by Zimbabwe capable of giving rise to diplomatic protection by South AfricaClaims — Exhaustion of local remedies — Diplomatic protection — Exhaustion of local remedies rule for international delict — Whether effective local remedies availableRelationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipal court — Nature of protection — Whether court entitled to question efficacy of steps taken by South African Government — The law of South Africa

Cover -- CONTENTS -- A NEW OPPORTUNITY TO REIGNITE GROWTH -- RECENT MACRO-FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS -- BASELINE SCENARIO: OUTLOOK ON CURRENT POLICIES -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- REFORM SCENARIO: COMPLETING UNFINISHED TASKS -- ADVANCING THE STRUCTURAL REFORM AGENDA -- A. Improving Governance and Fighting Corruption -- B. Advancing Product Market Reforms -- C. Increasing Labor Market Flexibility and Improving the Quality of Basic Education -- D. Leveraging Digitalization -- STABILIZING DEBT AT COMFORTABLE LEVELS -- ANCHORING INFLATION EXPECTATIONS AT LOWER LEVELS -- SAFEGUARDING FINANCIAL STABILITY AND DEEPENING INCLUSION -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Impact of Key Political Events and Policy Decisions on Markets -- 2. Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy and Low Inflation -- 3. Recent Actions Taken by the Government to Fight Corruption and Improve Governance -- 4. Improving Efficiency and Reducing Fiscal Costs of SOEs -- 5. Land Reform Considerations -- 6. Addressing the Challenges of Low Education Quality -- FIGURES -- 1. Economic and Social Context -- 2. Real Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary, Banking, and Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Financial Market Developments -- 6. Regional Spillovers from South Africa -- 7. Buffers -- 8. Vulnerabilities -- 9. Constraints to Growth -- 10. Restarting Growth -- 11. Readiness for Digitalization -- 12. Stabilizing Debt -- 13. Anchoring Inflation Expectations and Financial Stability -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2013-19 -- 2. Consolidated Government Operations, 2012/13-2020/21 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2013-23 -- 4. Financial Corporations, 2013-23 -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- 6. Medium Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2013-23 -- 7. Indicators of External Vulnerability, 2012-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance

This thesis explores and traces the history of the clarinet in South Africa. After discussing the problems of researching western European music history in South Africa from the arrival of the Dutch in 1652, and briefly summarising that music history up to the first clarinet reference, the thesis goes through the existing clarinet references. These have been sourced from travellers' journals, newspapers, military histories, other theses, etc., with particular emphasis on the 19th century, since the clarinet was introduced to South Africa near the beginning of it, and the most unknown part of the clarinet's South African history is within it. The references are noted, discussed, and where possible, the performers' biographical details are given and discussed. This carries through to the beginning of the 20th century, at which point South Africa got its first professional symphony orchestra, and first College of Music. From here, the clarinet is deemed to be more readily available, so at this point, the focus changes to South African compositions for clarinet. Finally, a case study is done on Ali-Ben-Sou-Alle, who was the first clarinet soloist to visit South Africa, as well as one of the most interesting and mysterious characters encountered in this research.

This article examines aspects of the complex relationship between South Africa and the rest of Africa from the presidency of Nelson Mandela through those of Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma, showing how the relationship changed over time and exploring the influences that shaped South Africa's policy on and toward the continent—a policy that has largely been determined by the presidency rather than the Department of Foreign Affairs/International Relations and Co-operation. To understand the changing relationship between South Africa and the rest of the continent, it is necessary to consider, first, the history before 1994, then the dramatically altered situation that the transfer of power in South Africa brought about, Thabo Mbeki's interventionist approach to Africa in general, and Jacob Zuma's ambiguous involvement in continental affairs. The article concludes with some speculative thoughts on the role that South Africa may play on the continent in the future.