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One of the major rural reconstruction and local governance capacity development initiatives of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the National Solidarity Program (NSP). This community empowerment program, which receives financial support from the World Bank and several other international donors, was initiated in 2002. NSP is in essence a "community-driven" development program that distributes blockgrants for community-owned rehabilitation projects, and governance learning. One distinguishing feature of NSP is that communities interested in joining the program first must elect a Community Development Council (CDC), locally referred to as shura. Once the CDC is established, it is being entrusted by the Government to spearhead socioeconomic development initiatives at the community level. Rarely before in the history of Afghanistan—where illiteracy is high—have rural Afghans (neither men nor certainly women) experienced or participated in secret ballot (one man/women, one vote) elections. The Government's decision to include rural communities in the NSP project identification, planning and implementation process; and to finance village project proposals by entrusting considerable amounts of money into the hands of village institutions, is also something unheard of in the history of Afghanistan. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the introduction of a secret ballot election process—that prohibits campaigning and electioneering tactics—has impacted the effectiveness of a major grassroots reconstruction effort in post-Taliban Afghanistan. The paper presents the history, goals and objectives of NSP; the NSP election process; and quantitative data from community elections held 1057 villages of 15 districts of the Afghan provinces of Bamyan, Farah, Herat, Kandahar, and Parwan. The paper also discusses the subjective dimensions of community members' NSP election experience; and concludes with an analysis how representative election processes can nurture and protect the integrity of grassroots-driven reconstruction efforts in post-conflict contexts such as rural Afghanistan.

Art is a part and a manifestation of culture, and, accordingly, research on the art of a given region is necessarily related to the research on its culture and history, and it cannot be separated from archaeology and history, on the one hand, that provide research material, and, on the other, from anthropology and cultural studies that reveal the 'language' of cultural symbols through which given objects of material culture can be 'read' and interpreted. The research area outlined in the title is a rather unspecified territorial patchwork, in the case of which it is impossible to talk about a uniform culture or a historical and cultural continuity. It is a vast region, which, throughout history, provided an environment in various segments of which various cultures developed and separate political entities were formed. It was an area of intense migration of various peoples, of which the two most important were associated with the nomadic Indo-Iranian, or Āryan, tribes that reached the territories of present Afghanistan and Pakistan in the middle of the third millennium BCE, and the Turkish people of the first millennium CE. The Indus River and the Sarasvatī River, no longer existent, from the east, the basin of the Amū Daryā River, including the so-called Transoxania, to the north, and the desert belt between Herat and Kandahar to the west could be accepted as the customary natural geographical boundaries of this region. The paper presents a survey highlighting certain aspects relating to the research conducted on the pre-Islamic art of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The region as such is enormous enough, both in its territorial and historicalcultural dimensions; therefore, understandably, the literature on this subject is correspondingly extensive, which in itself calls for a separate bibliographic volume, making it impossible to adequately discuss even the most important topics. Consequently, the present essay must necessarily be fragmentary and arbitrary when it comes to the choice of topics and is far from even ...

This paper discusses the way Shahnawaz, in her Novel The Heart Divided (1957), portrayed Pakistani political history of 1940s and attempts to explore the extent to which the writer has feminized the political history of Pakistan. This novel is selected because it is the most relevant to this discourse and is written by a women novelist, which describes that although the Pakistan Movement included women out of the political necessity to procure support for the establishment of Pakistan yet this struggle on the part of women finds its place in the pre-partition as well as post-partition Pakistani political discourse. Shahnawaz's voice, in her novel The Heart Divided (1957), is most dominant of all in this connection because she voiced the struggle and issues of women, especially that of the educated and politically active women. Shamsie claims that The Herat Divided is the very first political discourse, by Shahnawaz, which portrays the feministic aspect of the political struggle emerging rapidly in the shape of Indian nationalism. Although the discussion is carried out on the political environment of the country under the British colonialism yet the story is narrated in the context of the lives of the Muslim women (Shamsie xxii, 1998). The political discourse is viewed through the eyes of a female character, Zohra and all the events related in the novel are somehow related to her, even the unsuccessful love affair of her brother is with her friend, Mohni. Shanawaz describes the effects of colonization on women' life, which is further complicated in that it is written to justify the demand for political freedom and a separate homeland. Shahnawaz indirectly confesses the fact that western education has guaranteed their liberation and the story reveals how their own customs oppress them more than the British. The portrayal of female characters in The Heart Divided (1857) is discussed and analyzed to assess the extent to which Shahnawaz has feminized the Pakistani political discourse.

Mountain geoecology, as a sub-discipline of Geography, stems from the life and work of Carl Troll who, in turn, was inspired by the philosophy and mountain travels of Alexander von Humboldt. As founding chair of the IGU Commission on High-Altitude Geoecology (1968), Troll laid the foundations for inter-disciplinary and international mountain research. The paper traces the evolution of the Commission and its close links with the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme (1972-) and the United Nations University's mountain Project (1978-). This facilitated the formation of a major force for inclusion of a mountain chapter in AGENDA 21 during the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Herat Summit (UNCED) and the related designation by the United Nations of 2002 as the International Year of Mountains. In this way, mountain geoecology not only contributed to worldwide mountain research but also entered the political arena in the struggle for sustainable mountain development and the well-being of mountain people. ; La geoecología de montaña, como sub-disciplina de la Geografía, entronca con la vida y trabajo de Carl Troll, quien, a su vez, fue inspirado por la filosofía y viajes de Alexander von Humboldt. Como presidente fundador de la comisión de la UGI sobre High Altitude Geoecology (1968), Troll colocó las bases para la investigación interdisciplinar e internacional de las montañas. Este trabajo presenta la evolución de la Comisión y sus estrechas relaciones con el Programa Hombre y Biosfera de UNESCO (1972-) y con el Proyecto de montaña de la Universidad de Naciones Unidas (1978-). Esto facilitó la inclusión de un capítulo sobre la montaña en AGENDA 21 durante la Cumbre de la Tierra de Río de Janeiro (UNCED), y la consiguiente designación de 2002 como el Año Internacional de las Montañas por parte de Naciones Unidas. En este sentido, la geoecología de montaña no sólo contribuyó a la investigación de las montañas del mundo sino que también empujó a la política en el esfuerzo por un desarrollo sostenible de la montaña y el bienestar de los habitantes de la montaña.

Introduction /Govender, K. and Poku, N.K. --Section 1 --Epidemiology Of HIV Among Adolescents And Young People In Eastern And Southern Region /Govender, K., Poku, N.K. and Armstrong, R. --Conceptual pathways to HIV risk in Eastern and Southern Africa: An integrative perspective on the development of young people in contexts of social-structural vulnerability /Cowden, R.G., Tucker, L. and Govender, K. --Global And Initiatives To Prevent HIV Among Adolescents And Youth: Fulfilling The Promise In Eastern And Southern Region /Gabelnick, T., Igweta, R. and Ombija, M. --The All In Assessments: Leveraging Data To Achieve Results For Adolescents In Southern And Eastern Africa /Armstrong, A., Bains., A. Pinto, R., Porth, T. and Idele, P --Three Billboards to support legal ethical Legal Adolescent HIV prevention Research in East and Southern Africa /Strode, A.E. and Slack, C.M. --Protecting The Vulnerable: Human and Health Security Beyond Citizenship /Šehović, A.B. --Section 2 --Addressing Structural Drivers of HIV Among Young in Eastern and Southern Africa: Evidence, Challenges and Recommendations for Advancing The Field /Gafos, M., Beattie, T., Stoebenau K., Baron, D., Weiner, R., Wamoyi. J., Letsela L., Hargreaves, J., Mshana, G., Kapiga, S., Stangl, A., Remme, M., Heise, L. and Seeley, J. --Young Key Populations In Southern Africa: An Analysis of The Social determinants of HIV Risk and Barrier to SRH services /Freedman, J., Crankshaw, T., Aantjes, C., Armstrong, . R and Poku. N.K. --Are Adolescents Boys and Young Men Being Left Behind? Missing Discourse and Missed Opportunities for Engagement in HIV Prevention in East and Southern Africa /Mantell, J.E., Hoffman, S., Low, A., Kelvin. E.A., Phillip Kreniske --Things Less Spoken: HIV research with Adolescent boys and young men -- Implications for theory, policy and practice /Gittings, L., Hodes, R., Colvin, C. and Zungu, N. --Closing the gap in programming for adolescents living with HIV in Eastern and Southern Africa : The Role of Social Protection in Positive Prevention /Zungu, N., Toska, E., Gittings, L and Hodes, R. --Progress and Challenges with Comprehensive Sexuality Education: What does this mean for HIV prevention research in ESA /Machawira, P., Castle, C. and Herat, J. --Using school-based early warning systems as a social and behavioral approach for HIV prevention among adolescent girls: A case study from Uganda /DeSoto, J., Belsan, A., Wamala, R., Ochaya, V., Laura Lulua, R., Ekpo, G., Cherian, D., Benson, S. --Conclusion /Govender, K. and Poku, N.K.

Front Matter -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Notes on Contributors -- Mamluk Diplomatics: the Present State of Research /Frédéric Bauden -- Mamluk Diplomacy: the Present State of Research /Malika Dekkiche -- Diplomatic Conventions -- Diplomatics, or Another Way to See the World /Malika Dekkiche -- Strong Letters at the Mamluk Court /Lucian Reinfandt -- Embassies and Ambassadors in Mamluk Cairo /Yehoshua Frenkel -- The Mongols and Their Successors -- Careers in Diplomacy among Mamluks and Mongols, 658–741/1260–1341 /Anne F. Broadbridge -- The Golden Horde and the Mamluks: the Birth of a Diplomatic Set-Up (660–5/1261–7) /Marie Favereau -- Mamluk-Ilkhanid Diplomatic Contacts: Negotiations or Posturing? /Reuven Amitai -- Baghdad between Cairo and Tabriz: Emissaries to the Mamluks as Expressions of Local Political Ambition and Ideology during the Seventh/Thirteenth and Eighth/Fourteenth Centuries /Hend Gilli-Elewy -- Between Iraq and a Hard Place: Sulṭān Aḥmad Jalāyir's Time as a Refugee in the Mamluk Sultanate /Patrick Wing -- The Timurids, the Turkmens, and the Ottomans -- Niẓām al-Dīn Shāmī's Description of the Syrian Campaign of Tīmūr /Michele Bernardini -- Diplomatic Entanglements between Tabriz, Cairo, and Herat: a Reconstructed Qara Qoyunlu Letter Datable to 818/1415 /Frédéric Bauden -- Fixed Rules to a Changing Game? Sultan Meḥmed II's Realignment of Ottoman-Mamluk Diplomatic Conventions /Kristof D'hulster -- The Western Islamic Lands -- Diplomatic Correspondence between Nasrid Granada and Mamluk Cairo: the Last Hope for al-Andalus /Bárbara Boloix Gallardo -- Entre Ifrīqiya hafside et Égypte mamelouke: Des relations anciennes, continues et consolidées /Mounira Chapoutot-Remadi -- Tracking Down the Hafsid Diplomatic Missions All the Way to the Turco-Mamluk Borders (892–6/1487–91) /Lotfi Ben Miled -- Arabia, India, and Africa -- Diplomatic Networks of Rasulid Yemen in Egypt (Seventh/Thirteenth to Early Ninth/Fifteenth Centuries) /Éric Vallet -- "Aggression in the Best of Lands": Mecca in Egyptian-Indian Diplomacy in the Ninth/Fifteenth Century /John L. Meloy -- Some Remarks on the Diplomatic Relations between Cairo, Delhi/Dawlatābād, and Aḥmadābād during the Eighth/Fourteenth and Ninth/Fifteenth Centuries /Stephan Conermann and Anna Kollatz -- The Ḥaṭī and the Sultan: Letters and Embassies from Abyssinia to the Mamluk Court /Julien Loiseau -- "Peace Be upon Those Who Follow the Right Way": Diplomatic Practices between Mamluk Cairo and the Borno Sultanate at the End of the Eighth/Fourteenth Century /Rémi Dewière -- The Latin West -- The European Embassies to the Court of the Mamluk Sultans in Cairo /Pierre Moukarzel -- In the Name of the Minorities: Lisbon's Muslims as Emissaries from the King of Portugal to the Sultan of Egypt /Maria Filomena Lopes de Barros -- Envoys between Lusignan Cyprus and Mamluk Egypt, 838–78/1435–73: the Accounts of Pero Tafur, George Boustronios and Ibn Taghrī Birdī /Nicholas Coureas -- Negotiating the Last Mamluk-Venetian Commercial Decree (922–3/1516–7): Commercial Liability from the Sixth/Twelfth to the Early Tenth/Sixteenth Century /Gladys Frantz-Murphy.

Safevi Devleti ile başlayan Osmanlı-İran ilişkileri, her iki devleti de memnun etmeyecek durumda gelişmiştir. İki devlet karşılıklı geliştirdiği politikalarla Irak bölgesine hakim olmak istemiştir. Bölgenin hakimi Osmanlı Devleti'dir. Bu süreç XIX. yüzyıla değin devam etmiştir. İran'ın bölgedeki ticaretten pay almak isteği bu dönemde daha da belirginleşecektir. İki devlet arasındaki hudud oldukça uzundur. Bölgede yaşayan aşiret ve tebanın muğlak durumu ve daha önceden yapılan antlaşmaların sorunlara kalıcı çözümler üretmeyişi, iki devlet arasındaki ilişkileri daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Bu dönemde iki devlet ilişkilerine İngiltere ve Rusya da müdahil olmuştur. Muhammed Şah'ın Herat'ı işgaliyle gerginleşen İran-Osmanlı ilişkileri, İngiltere ve Rusya'nın arabulucuğuyla bir savaş vuku bulmadan neticelenecektir. 1847 Erzurum Antlaşması öncesi, İran Devleti Murahhası Mirza Taki Han ile Osmanlı Devleti Murahhası Enverî Efendi, iki devlet arasındaki sorunları çözmek amacıyla Erzurum'da bir araya gelmişlerdir. İngiltere ve Rusya da bu müzakerelere gözlemci olarak katılmıştır. İki devlet arasında yapılan bu görüşmeler yaklaşık dört yıl ( 1843- 1847) sürmüştür. Enverî Efendi, Erzurum'da İran Sefiri ile yaptığı mükâleme mazbatalarını ve Hariciye Nezareti ile yaptığı yazışmaları İran Sefaretnamesi adıyla kaleme almıştır. Eserimiz müellif yazmasıdır. Başka nüshası bulunmamaktadır. Sefâretnâme metni, Osmanlı İran ilişkilerini anlamak açısından önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca İngiltere ve Rusya'nın bölgeye yönelik tutumunu bu eserle görmekteyiz. Eserimiz diplomasi tarihi açısından da son derece önemlidir. Tezimiz İran Sefâretnâmesi isimli eserin transkripsiyonu ve değerlendirilmesini ihtiva etmektedir. Sefâretnâme metninin Latin Alfabesi ile Türkçe'ye kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. İran Sefâretnâmesi isimli eser, Osmanlı Türkçesi'nin en güzel nesir örneklerinden birisidir. ABSTRACTOttoman-Iranian relations began with the Safevi State, but developed unsatisfactorily for both parties. Both states tried to impose their policies on the Iraq region. The ruler of the region was the Ottoman Empire. This process continued until the 19th century. In this period, Persia's demand to receive a portion of the regional trade became more significant. The frontier between the two states is very long. The relationship between the two states became more difficult because of the unclear situation of the subjects and tribes in the region, and the failure of previously signed agreements to provide a permanent solution to the problems in the region. It was during this period that England and Russia began to interfere in relations between the two states. Tensions in Ottoman-Persian relations increased with the occupation of Herat by Muhammed Şah, but war was avoided through the intervention of England and Russia. Before the Erzurum Pact in 1847, Persian state representative, Mirza Taki Khan, and Ottoman Empire representative, Sir Enverî, conducted a series of negotiations to attempt to solve the problems between the two states. England and Russia joined these negotiations as observers. These negotiations between the two governments continued for approximately four years (1843-1847) Enverî Efendi recorded the official reports of meetings with the Persian ambassador in Erzurum and correspondence with the Iranian Foreign Ministry in a book entitled "Iran Sefaretnamesi". This work exists only in manuscript form. The text of "Sefaretname" is important in understanding relations between the Ottoman Empire and Persia. We can also discern the attitudes of Russia toward the region in this book. At the same time, this book is hugely important in the history of diplomacy. This thesis contains the transcription and analysis of "Iran Sefaretnamesi" and its aim is the creation of a Turkish translation of this invaluable document. The Iran Sefaretname is an exquisite of Ottoman Turkish prose.

Afghanistan is an ancient country with rich natural resources and rich traditional medicine. The country is known as a resource base for many wild-collected medicinal and aromatic plants that are well recognized in regional and international markets. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Afghanistan represent important health and economic components of the country's biodiversity. The country has a high floristic diversity ; it is estimated that there are about 5,000 species of flowering plants with many of them endemic. Afghanistan is a landlocked country and situated in the subtropical ; dry zones of Southwest Asia that has continental types of climate characterized by desert ; steppe ; and highland temperature and precipitation regimes. The main part of the land cover of Afghanistan ; 30,243,985 ha ; is made up of rangeland (47%) ; which is the main habitat for MAPs. The sharp climatic seasonality gives rise to the extensive development in Afghanistan of peculiar diversity of vegetation Wild collection of MAPs has a long history in the country and it contributes to traditional medicine and the local economies of the populations. Afghanistan exports each year around 50 medicinal and aromatic plant raw materials to different countries. Analysis of the export of MAP products shows ; that the exports of MAPs has been increased sharply from 2008 to 2016. Within the study period ; an annual average growth rate (AAGR) of 16.2% in comparison to 2.4% in the volumes of exports in global trade was observed Increases in the collection of medicinal plants ; long lasting war ; a breakdown of the governmental and local systems of monitoring ; poverty ; climate change and the susceptibility of Afghanistan to desertification are the main threats to natural MAP resources. Much of the wild flora of the country is experiencing a significant decline on account of habitat loss and degradation. Government agencies have played a limited role in conservation work over the last four decades ; therefore the present status of the natural resources of wild MAPs is a great concern. This study has been conducted with the objectives of resource analysis of potential species of MAPs ; and evaluating approaches for sustainable resource management of wild medicinal plants. In this study ; four species (Glycyrrihiza sp. Ferula sp. ; Cuminum sp. ; and Bunium sp.) have been screened out as the potentially viable products among the wild collections in Afghanistan. In order to conduct this study ; four aspects of natural resources were evaluated through appropriate frameworks: status of resources and conservation measures ; socioeconomic ; trade and marketing ; and technological proficiencies for the processing and standardization of products. Every aspect comprises certain criteria (in total 25 variables) ; which were scored according to their relative significance through focusing on defined benchmarks. Based on the study of the distribution pattern of the selected MAPs ; Herat province was targeted in this study. The dataset has been analyzed with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The histograms produced by SPSS analysis ; demonstrate the status of every criterion for the species studied in all 15 districts of the province. It depicts that the abundance and state of conservation of Glycyrrhiza sp. and Cuminum sp. are in a relatively better status compared to the two other plants ; though the status of Ferula sp. is critical. The study reveals ; that districts of Chesht-e-Sharif ; Kohsan ; and Pashtun Zarghun have the highest potentials in conservation ; trade and marketing ; and opportunities for the improvement of the supply chain and quality of the products. In contrast ; Obe ; Zandajan ; Kushk-e-Kohna ; Kushk-e-Robat Sangi and Adraskan are the poorest districts in this regard ; respectively. The study demonstrates that the risk of the threat to the selected species is high in the following order: Ferula sp.> Bunium sp. > Cuminum sp.> Glycyrrhiza sp. It also depicts ; that the potential for sustainable management for the species varies in the following order: Glycyrrhiza sp. > Bunium sp. > Ferula sp.> Cuminum sp. To analyze the relationship between certain specific criteria ; structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used. SEM reveals that abundance of the species in all cases have significant partial regression coefficients on the potential for sustainable management (0.33 ; 0.48 ; 1.07 ; 0.2 ; respectively). This signifies that the physical capacity of resources enhances the attraction of more investments by the different stakeholders in different segments of the supply chain. Meanwhile ; abilities and skills for technological proficiencies have a negative regression coefficient effect on potential for sustainable management. Some other SEM has been studied of the relationship between different variables with the aim of the quantification of different factors effects. Based on the finding of the study ; different approaches for the sustainable resource management have been discussed. Among them are updating discussed strategies ; developing action plans with the focus to realities ; engagement of the community in sustainable resource management ; establishing collaboration between stakeholders in the area of biodiversity and natural resources ; generation of evidence-based information about MAPs ; establishing certification system ; and capacity enhancement of communities ; collectors and other relevant technical staff.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el impacto de la Presidencia del Consejo de la Unión Europea en el comportamiento -representaciones e intereses- de los Estados miembros. La hipótesis de partida consiste en sostener que el alcance del mandato presidencial ha variado en función de la evolución de la Presidencia en el seno del sistema institucional europeo. En 1951, la Presidencia era una función intergubernamental con escaso perfil político. Sus competencias eran limitadas y de orden esencialmente administrativo. A la imagen del entonces Consejo Especial de la CECA, su modo de funcionamiento era sencillo y su organización reducida a la mínima expresión. En este contexto, el alcance de la Presidencia para los Estados miembros era sobre todo de orden simbólico. El desempeño del mandato presidencial no implicaba el ejercicio de grandes responsabilidades ni el despliegue de un gran esfuerzo organizativo por parte de los ejecutivos nacionales. En cambio, sí aseguraba a los Estados miembros un importante mecanismo de representación igualitaria en el seno del Consejo. Cincuenta años más tarde, las cosas han cambiado. Hoy en día, la Presidencia se ha convertido en una figura central del sistema europeo. Cinco décadas de retroalimentación institucional al compás y a la imagen de la propia dinámica evolutiva del proceso de construcción europea han conseguido comunitarizar esta institución y elevarla al rango de motor de la integración europea. Este cambio de naturaleza, cuyo origen se encuentra en los acuerdos institucionales negociados por los Estados miembros en momentos claves del proceso de integración, se ha traducido en un crecimiento exponencial de las funciones de la Presidencia y en una simultánea transformación de los principios que han sustentado durante décadas el funcionamiento de esta institución. El simbolismo inicial que rodeaba el ejercicio de esta función se ha erosionado. En la actualidad, la Presidencia ha dejado de ser una función identificada con la defensa de los intereses intergubernamentales para convertirse en una compleja función de impulsión política cada vez más asociada con la defensa del interés comunitario. El marco teórico utilizado para contrastar esta hipótesis es el institucionalismo histórico. Como variante del neoinstitucionalismo, esta aproximación fija su atención en dos cuestiones centrales e interrelacionadas del análisis institucional. Por un lado, ¿Cómo explicar el origen y la evolución de las instituciones? Por otro, ¿En qué medida las instituciones condicionan las identidades y las preferencias de los actores implicados en el sistema institucional? Ambas preguntas nos remiten a temas cruciales de la ciencia política contemporánea. La primera, al fijar su atención en el análisis de los factores de emergencia, continuidad y de cambio institucionales, es decir, en las variables explicativas del desarrollo institucional; la segunda, al centrar su interés en la naturaleza de la dinámica estructura-agente, esto es, en el tenor de las relaciones entre las instituciones y la acción. ; The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of the EU Council Presidency on the behaviour -beliefs and interests- of the Member states. The starting hypothesis rests on the claim that the scope of the Presidential mandate has varied in function of the changing position of this institution in the Herat of the European institutional system. In 1951, the Presidency has an intergovernmental function with a low political profile. The ambits were limited and were essentially administrative. In the image of the then Special Council, the way of working was simple and its organisation reduced to the minimum. In this context the scope of the Presidency for the Member states was above all of a symbolic nature. The Presidential mandate involved neither a great deal of responsibility nor major organisational efforts, although, on the other hand, it did provide a mechanism to ensure equal representation within the Council. Fifty years later, things have changed. Today the Presidency has become a central pillar of the EU system. Five decades of increasing return effects have managed to communitarise this institution and elevate it to the rank of motor of European integration. This change of nature, whose origin is to be found in the institutional agreements negotiated by the Member states in key moments of the European integration process, has meant an exponential growth of the Presidential functions and has simultaneously transformed the principles upon which this institution functioned for decades. The initial symbolism that surrounded the exercise of the Presidency has been eroded. What was conceived as a intergovernmental function has become increasingly identified with the defence of the communitarian interests. Historical institutionalism is the approach used to confirm this hypothesis. As a variant of new institutionalism, this theory pays attention to two major and interconnected questions of institutional analysis. On the one hand, how to explain the origin and development of institutions? In another hand, to what extent institutions condition the identities and preferences of the actors involved in the institutional system? Both questions refer to crucial subjects of contemporary political science. The first one draws attention to the analysis of the factors of institutional emergence, continuity and change, namely, on the explanatory variables of institutional development. The second one is interested in the nature of the structure-agency dynamic that is the content of the relations between institutions and actions.

Many duplications. ; Numerous newspaper (?) clippings of poems, sentiments, etc., pasted on random pages. ; Consists of various pamphlets and reprints bound into 7 volumes. ; --Military drill in the public schools--The sportsman.[dup]--The mournful story of the cost of decoration with dead birds and their plumage--Some medical opinions.[dup]--The Pasteur Institute.[dup]--The anti-toxin.[dup]--To junior members, wearing the badge of the International Kindness to Animals Society ; Reasons for the organization of the International Kindness to Animals Society--Importance of humane education--Vivisection in relation to politics--A letter to children.[dup] ; v.7. Protection of animals / G. Angell, 1874--The reality of human vivisection, 1901--A bill for the regulation of scientific experiments upon human beings in the District of Columbia : S.3424 / Mr. Gallinger, 1900--Vivisection in the District of Columbia / 55th Congress, 3d session, Senate, 1899--Human vivisection, a statement and an inquiry, 3rd ed. rev., 1900--Is science advanced by deceit? / A. Leffingwell, 1900--Scientific chicanery, does it pay?, 1900--Some mistakes of scientists / A. Leffingwell, 1900--Does science need secrecy? / A. Leffingwell, 1900--For pity's sake.[dup]--Vivisection and dissection in schools--Ten rules for the treatment of animals--A plain talk.[dup]--The International Kindness to Animals Society, general circular--Some medical opinions concerning vivisection--Vaccination is the curse of childhood [2 copies]--The principal props of vivisection / P. Peabody--Abstract.[dup]--Facts about vivisection which cannot be denied--Is vivisection painful?--An appeal to every woman--Confessions of a vivisector--Light to benefit.[dup]--The feast of Bacchus / A. Walton--Experimental research versus altruism / M. Lovell, 1893--Medical opinions on vivisection--Addresses by the Reverend Washington Gladden, D.D. and the Reverend John Henry Barrows, D.D. at the twenty-third annual meeting of the American Humane Association Columbus, Ohio, October 24-26, 1899--El zoofilo venezolano, año 2, num. 13, nov. 1898 / Sociedad Protectora de los Animales--Tuberculosis in cattle--Voci autorevoli contro la vivisezione / Società di anti-vivisezone--Pasteur or Buisson? [dup]--Cosmos-philosophy.[dup]--The sportsman.[dup]--The sin of cruelty--Hereditary.[dup; 2 copies]--Compulsory vaccination, 1899--Startling accusations / A. Leffingwell, 1899--A plea for animals / B. Underwood--The poor tramp cat / Mrs. Fairchild Allen, 1900--The real sportsmen's show / J. Greene--A law to help the boys / A. Bowles, 1892 ; v.6. Amos Hunt and the steel trap / Mrs. Fairchild Allen--Vivisection and the drug delusion, 7th ed. / comp. by J. Scott, 1893--A dangerous ideal / A. Leffingwell--Does vivisection need concealment? / A. Leffingwell--Abstract of the Report on vivisection adopted by the American Humane Association Sept. 26, 1895--Professor Frog's lecture / M. Lane--A physician on vivisection / T. Parvin, 1895--Abstract.[dup]--Vivisection and the drug.[dup]--Abstract.[dup]--The vivisector at the gates of Herat / E. Preston, 1896--Shall we teach cruelty as an art? / by a physician--A key to "St. Bernard's," entitled Dying scientifically [advertising flyer]--The brutalization of childhood--The tendencies of the turf / C. Crandall, 1894--Certain other duties / G. Trumbull--Shall we teach.[dup]--Professor Frog's.[dup]--For pity's sake--Infernal intellect / G. Angell--The London Institution for Lost & Starving Cats, 1898--The craze for killing, 1895--Abstract.[dup]--About poor puss [dup]--French and English vivisection, 1890--Shall we teach.[dup]--Paul Faber, surgeon [review]--Objects and methods ; rules for members ; council / Independent Anti-Vivisection League--Our humble associates / G. Walker, 1891--Home of Rest for Horses--The stealthy advance of vivisection / E.B.--A plea for mercy / J. Craigen--The check-rein / G. Angell--Shall we teach.[dup]--A dangerous ideal [dup]--The cruel vivisector [dup]--Do the interests.[dup]--Some fruits of vivisection / E. Berdoe--Our meanest.[dup]--A physician.[dup]--Vivisection and the drug.[dup] ; Pasteur's statistics [dup]--An institute of preventive medicine at work in France, 5th ed. / F. Cobbe, 1891--A bird's-eye view of a great question / S. Trist, 1894--Physiology in our.[dup]--Do the interests.[dup]--The proposed biological .[dup]--Vivisection / G. Hoggan, 1875--Anaesthetics and vivisection--Dr. Bell Taylor.[dup]--A pathetic incident.[dup]--Mrs. Fenwick Miller on vivisection, 1894--The worst thing in the world / M. Lovell, 1895--A letter from Prof. Lawson.[dup]--Concerning vivisection / A. Leffingwell--My doctor tells me that there is very little vivisection now in England / E. Bell--My doctor tells me that Koch discovered a cure for consumption by means of experiments on living animals--My doctor tells me that the most important discoveries in medicine have been made by means of vivisection--My doctor tells me that experiments in England are only performed on animals under anaesthetics--My doctor tells me nothing about curare--For pity's sake [dup]--The restriction of vivisection / A. Leffingwell--Mr. Lawson Tait on operating for cancer of the larynx, 1892--Reply to the Century / E. Berdoe, 1891--Strain at a gnat, swallow a camel / C. Spencer, 1892--Vivisection and personal rights / M. Caird--The savagery of vivisection--Vivisection / M. Caird--The savagery.[dup]--The anti-toxin treatment of diphtheria / M. Caird--Vivisection and personal.[dup]--The sanctuary of mercy / M. Caird--Sacrifice.[dup]--Vivisection as a test-question.[dup]--The savagery.[dup]--Vivisection, an appeal to the workers / M. Caird--Vivisection [letter] / M. Caird, 1895--The anti-toxin.[dup]--Is cruelty.[dup]--Vivisection [dup] ; v.5. A letter from Prof. Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., respecting experiments on living animals, 1892--The skylarks in an East End market / R. Rudd--Do the interests of mankind require experiments on living animals? / A. Barry, 1892--The utility, cruelty & morality of experiments upon animals / by a hospital physician--Letter from surgeon-general.[dup]--Why the vivisection act is objected to / J. Clarke, 1885--Vivisection and anaesthetics--Vivisection useless and unjustifiable / A. Astley--Extracts from two letters from Dr. George Hoggan on vivisection--Five questions to working men about vivisection--The utility, cruelty.[dup]--Five questions.[dup]--Why the vivisection act.[dup]--Extracts from two letters.[dup]--Vivisection useless.[dup]--Vivisection and anaesthetics [dup]--Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., etc. on the discussion on vivisection at the church congress, 1892--The Inspector's report.[dup]--Our meanest crime / J. Clarke, 1892--The discussion on vivisection at the church congress / L. Tait, 1892--Do the interests of humanity require experiments on living animals? / F. Arnold, 1892--Sacrifice, noble and ignoble / M. Caird--Is cruelty for a purpose justifiable? / M. Caird--The hospitals & vivisection--Extract from "Medical education." [dup]--Light to benefit mankind--What is vivisection [dup]--Concerning human.[dup]--Mixed plumes / E. Phillips--As in a mirror / H Greene, 1898--At the annual meeting of the Church of England Society for the Promotion of Kindness to Animals. / F. Lemon, 1897--A woman's question /B. Atkinson, 1896--An egret hunter's narrative / D. Bennett, 1896--Osprey, or, egrets and aigrettes / W. Hudson, 1896--The trade in birds' feathers, 1898--Legalised torture / M. Caird--An animals' friend [dup]--What I saw at the Pasteur Institute / T. Williams, 1894--Pasteur's statistics / E. Bell--Hydrophobia, the truth about M. Pasteur's prophylactic, 3rd ed. / B. Bryan, 1895--The Pasteur Institute.[dup]--The cruel vivisector.[dup]-- ; --Sacrifice / New York State Anti-Vivisection Society--An appeal from the horses.[dup]--The churches and vivisection.[dup]--The London Buisson Institute / F. Pirkis, 1896--Cancer experiments on human beings / F. Cobbe--About poor puss [dup]--Anti-vivisection, Nov. 1897--Pasteur or Buisson, cruelty, poison, uncleanness or the pure and kindly vapor bath, which shall we follow?--Vivisection and hospital.[dup]--Additional opinions concerning vivisection--Illinois Anti-Vivisection Society [membership flyer]--The truth concerning.[dup]--The Pasteur Institute.[dup]--American vivisections [dup]--Col. Ingersoll on vivisection ; Opposed to vivisection, additional opinions of physicians and surgeons, 1890--Opinions of leading physicians and surgeons concerning vivisection--Vivisection as a method of education in American colleges and universities--Where shall our boys be educated?--The interests of humanity in connection with vivisection / W.W. ; v.4. For pity's sake / C. Taylor, 1893--Letter from Surgeon-General C.A. Gordon.to the Secretary of the London Anti-Vivisection Society--The proposed biological laboratories in Chicago / F. Cobbe--What is vivisection / P. Peabody--The fairy tales of science / F. Cobbe, 1896--Society for the Protection of Birds prospectus, 1889--An unscientific view of vivisection / W. Paget--Bishop Barry and Canon Wilberforce on the morality of vivisection, 1891--Medical experiments on human beings / Dr. Koch, 1893--Sir R.T. Reid, Attorney-General, on vivisection, 1891--Some truths about vivisection / M. Caird, 1894--The Hon. B. Coleridge, M.P., on the Inspector's report and the Brown Institution, 1888--Rt. Hon. J. Stansfeld, M.P., on experimental institutes and the Vivisection act, 1894--The hope of the universe / G. MacDonald, 1893--The Right Rev. Dr. Ridding, Bishop of Southwell, on vivisection: its inutility, immorality, and cruelty, 1893--The proposed Pasteur Institute at Chelsea Bridge / M. Caird--The Bishop of Manchester on gambling, vivisection, and covetousness / J. Moorhouse, 1891--Flaws in the act / E. Bell, 1892--Physiology in our public schools / A. Leffingwell--The extermination of birds / C. Spencer, 1897--Strange but earnest.[dup]--The poor lobster / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen--To my dog.[dup]--An animals' friend [dup]--The birds' land of altruism / J. Chase--Humane leaflet no. 3 / G. Angell--Condensed information / Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals--Humane leaflet no. 7 / G. Angell--Anti-vivisection, various issues, 1895-1897; leaflets glued inside, mostly dup., including: Extract from a letter from J.H. Thornton.Deputy Surgeon General.to Mrs. Marion C. Jordan.1896--Vivisection as a test-question at elections / M. Caird--Anti-vivisection, Mar. 1895: leaflet: The cruel vivisector, Pasteur, of Paris / P. Peabody, 1893--Anti-vivisection, Apr. 1896: leaflet: The brutalization of childhood ; Cosmos-philosophy, a new book.by E.D. Buckner [adv. flyer]--The mournful story of the cost of decoration with dead birds and their plumage--The wearing of egret.[dup]--The great cat problem--The retribution of Spain--Facts for clergymen--For pity's sake, by Mrs. S.N Carter [adv. flyer]--Medical opinions concerning vivisection--Human vivi.[dup]--An appeal to teachers--Attention! letter to a medical scientist--Bird Day--Vivisection and hospital.[dup]--Dovetrot's.[dup--Is not kindness righteousness?--To my dog.[dup]--The anti-vivisection exhibit at the Paris Exposition--Woman's responsibility toward the animal creation / M. Lovell--Who are the ultimate victims?--The sportsman: let us go out and kill something--The retribution.[dup]--The sportsman.[dup]--The mournful story.[dup]--Cosmos-philosophy.[dup]--Mode of killing dogs by carbonous oxide gas--To thoughtful.[dup]--Protection of animals / G. Angell, 1891--The noble mission of the humane societies / D. Swing, 1886--Bands of mercy information / G. Angell, 1891--A wise fish--Is it nothing.[dup]--An appeal to teachers [2 dups]--Something for Christian.[2 dups]--Extract from "Medical education." [dup]--A neglected obligation [dup; bd. backwards]--Darkest science--The horse-clipper's.[dup]--Cruelty in stables [dup]--Which is best? [dup]--Facts for drivers [dup]--Hints on.cows [dup]--The noble mission.[dup]--An appeal to Christians on the subject of vivisection / H. Harris. ; --My lady's plumes / E. Hough--The wearing of egret plumes / M. Lovell--An appeal to every woman--Bands of mercy--Collections / J. Andrews--Vivisection / Mrs. M. Rouse--[Docking horses] ; Revising the work of God--Dovetrot's way / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen--To elevate morals: Bird Day, Animal Day / R. O'Hanlon ; Good citizens the object of schools--Expert opinion and public sentiment on check reins--The horse-clipper's costume ; The cruelty and danger of clipping horses--Which is best? Whips or brains? Cruelty or kindness?--Cruelty in stables--Facts for drivers--Vivisection of horses [dup]--Opinions of leading physicians and surgeons concerning vivisection--A few words to those.[dup]--Is it nothing to you?--Human vivi.[dup]--Concerning human vivisections / P. Peabody--Something for Christian endeavor people to think of--Extract from "Medical education." [dup]--Vivisection in the United Kingdom, 1893--The wearing of egret plumes [abr.] / M. Lovell--A ministerial oversight--Cruelties of seal killing / W. Gavitt--A neglect of ministers and Sunday school teachers--A neglected obligation--Hints on the care of cows--Early lessons in kindness or cruelty / A. Fogg--Kindness to animals Sundays--An appeal from the horses to their owners and drivers--Supplement to Anti-vivisection: an exposition of vivisection / S. Thomas--The reasons that have led to the demand for the total prohibition (instead of the restriction) of vivisection--The black art, 1892--The reasons that have led.[dup]--The black art [dup]--Cruelty in stables [dup]--Kindness to animals Sundays [dup]--An appeal to teachers--Nature study, Bird Day, Animal Day / R. O'Hanlon ; Good citizens the object of schools--A burning question--Vivisection and hospital.[dup]--Medical opinions on vivisection---Vivisection of horses [dup]--The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, 1898--Hereditary cruelty ; The degredation and retribution of Spain--Collections [dup]--Human vivisection [dup]-- ; Dates of the principal events connected with the anti-vivisection movement, [1883?]--Dr. Bilde.[dup]--The Rev. H.R. Haweis as an anti-vivisectionist, 1887--The lady of Greynton Grange / B. Channing, 1883--Commentary on the cruelty to animals act, 1876 / B. Coleridge, 1883--v.3. Cure for hydrophobia--An answer to Dr. Keen's address entitled Our recent debts to vivisection, 2nd ed. / C. White, 1886--Fairly cornered--The great value of birds ; Queries for sportsmen / C. Hamlin--Strange but earnest questions / S. Beard--An animals' friend / M.C.J.--To my dog Blanco / J. Holland ; Our dogs at home and astray / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen--The Illinois Branch of the American Anti-Vivisection Society / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen--The Illinois Branch of the American Anti Vivisection Society--Mr. Lawson Tait on vivisection, 1882--A letter to children / M. Lovell--How to treat cats / M. Lovell--About poor puss / A. Fisher--A few words to those who believe in the restriction of vivisection--Mollie White-Foot's vacation / A. Smith--Bird Day in the schools / T. Palmer, 1896--The truth concerning vivisection, as gathered from eye witnesses, 1896--The Pasteur Institute, 1894--American vivisections--The sixth annual report for the year ending Oct. 31st, 1896, of the Dept. of Mercy of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union--To bicyclists, a humane appeal, 1895--Quotations from great thinkers concerning vivisection--Humane education the remedy for cruelty--Vivisection and hospital patients--Warm or cold?, 1897--To thoughtful teachers--The sister charities / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen, 1896--A plain talk in behalf of some of our best friends / Mrs. Fairchild-Allen--An animals' friend [dup]--The sister.[dup]--A few words to those.[dup]--Human vivisections / P. Peabody, 1896--Cure for hydro.[dup]--Vivisection of horses / P. Peabody--Professional laxity of morals / P. Peabody, 1896--American vivi.[dup]--Vivisection, its barbarity, its uselessness, its wickedness ; v.2. The curse of cruelty / D. Morris, 1886--Address of the Bishop of Oxford, at the annual meeting of the Victoria Street Society.1883--From the essay on vivisection / J. Macauley--Extract from "Medical education in America" / H. Bigelow, 1871--Two views of the true vivisector, by two who ought to know--Vivisection : how should Christians regard it? / H. Bernard--Two views.[dup]--The dog's appeal--Gambling in vivisection--Dr. Bell Taylor on vivisection--The hero and his dog--Two views.[dup]--Tender vivisection / F. Cobbe, 1881--Experimental pathology explained and exemplified / J. Clarke, 1886--Tender vivisection [dup]--What can we do?--A pathetic incident in a physiological laboratory / J. Clarke, 1884--Dr. Bell Taylor.[dup]--What can we do? [dup]--Vivisection / G. Hoggan--Extract from "Medical education." [dup]--Ferrieristic brain surgery--Address to the working class / R. Barlow-Kennett--Vivisection / G. Hoggan [dup]--Extract from "Medical education. [dup]--A pathetic incident.[dup]--Gambling.[dup]--The dog's appeal [dup]--The hero.[dup]--Dr. Bell Taylor.[dup]--Vivisection / G. Hoggan [dup]--A pathetic incident.[dup]--Gambling.[dup]--Extract from "Medical education." [dup]--Dr. Bell Taylor.[dup]--Address by W.R.D. Blackwood, M.D., 1888--Address by W.R.D. .[dup]--Extracts from an address by Canon Wilberforce, 1887--Address by W.R.D. .[dup]--Vivisection / A. Leffingwell, 1884--The curse of cruelty [dup]--Brain surgery and vivisection : three letters, 1884--The Bishop of Oxford and Prof. Ruskin on vivisection / J. Mackarness, J. Ruskin--The Lord Chief Justice of England on vivisection--Twelve years trial of the vivisection act (39-40 Vict., c77) / M.R.C.S.--The lower animals : God's ownership, man's vicegerency [sic] / D. Wright, 1888--Experimenters in check / B. Bryan--Specimen of physiological.[dup]--Scientific medicine [dup]--Cardinal Manning as an anti-vivisectionist, 1881--Vivisection : how.[dup] ; Vol.1. Vivisection, a sermon / H. Bernard, [1883?]--The scientist at the bedside, 1882--Professor Ferrier's experiments on monkeys' brains, 1885--Vivisection and the treatment of patients / S. Harris, 1885--Duty to man before duty to beast / Lord Bishop of Oxford [J. Mackarness], 1883--Breaches of the Vivisection Act / B. Bryan, 1888--The total prohibition of vivisection / Earl of Shaftesbury [A. Cooper], 1879--The torture chamber of science / E. v. Weber, [1879?]--Monkeys' brains once more / J. Clarke, [1888?]--English and American callousness--Report of proceedings at a meeting held at Southampton, October the 16th, 1878, by the Society for Protection of Animals from Vivisection--Anaesthetics and vivisection--Four reasons for supporting the bill for the total prohibition of vivisection--Vivisection endangers human life--The fallacy of restriction applied to vivisection / F. Cobbe, 1886--An independent opinion on vivisection / W. Lilly, 1885--Meeting at Stoke Bishop / F. Cobbe, [1883?]--Have pity, 1882--What is cruelty?, 1885--Half measures--M. Pasteur's researches / B. Coleridge, 1887--The scientist at the bedside [duplicate]--Specimen of physiological instruction : a vivisection lecture in Paris described by an eye-witness, 1886--Letters of head school-masters--Vivisection endangers human life [dup]--Half measures [dup]--M. Pasteur's reseaches [dup]--Scientific medicine--Pompey's peril / C. Hoey--The total prohibition .[dup]--Anaesthetics and vivisection [dup]--Letter from a lady student of vivisection / B. Lindsay, 1883--Dr. Bilde : a typical vivisector, 1887--The new benefactor of humanity / F. Cobbe, 1884--A pleasant proposal, 1884--Four reasons for supporting.[dup]--Have pity [dup]--M. Pasteur's researches [dup]--Fide et amore / C. Pirkis--Scientific medicine [dup]--An independent opinion.[dup]--Letters of head.[dup]--Pompey's peril [dup]--Janus the second / F. Cobbe--The inspector's report and return for 1887 / B. Bryan, [1888?] ; Mode of access: Internet.