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The approximately 18,000 imperial troops who arrived in New Zealand with the British regiments between 1840 and 1870 as garrison and combat troops, did not do so by choice. However, for the more than 3,600 non-commissioned officers and rank and file soldiers who subsequently discharged from the army in New Zealand, and the unknown but significant number of officers who retired in the colony, it was their decision to stay and build civilian lives as soldier settlers in the colony. This thesis investigates three key themes in the histories of soldiers who became settlers: land, familial relationships, and livelihood. In doing so, the study develops an important area of settler colonialism in New Zealand history. Discussion covers the period from the first arrival of soldiers in the 1840s through to the early twentieth century – incorporating the span of the soldier settlers' lifetimes. The study focuses on selected aspects of the history of nineteenth-century war and settlement. Land is examined through analysis of government statutes and reports, reminiscences, letters, and newspapers, the thesis showing how and why soldier settlers were assisted on to confiscated and alienated Māori land under the Waste Lands and New Zealand Settlement Acts. Attention is also paid to documenting the soldier settlers' experiences of this process and its problems. Further, it discusses some of the New Zealand settlements in which military land grants were concentrated. It also situates such military settlement practices in the context of the wider British Empire. The place of women, children, and the regimental family in the soldier settlers' New Zealand lives is also considered. This history is explored through journals, reminiscences, biography and newspapers, and contextualised via imperial and military histories. How and where men from the emphatically male sphere of the British Army met and married women during service in New Zealand is examined, as are the contexts in which they lived their married lives. Also discussed are the contrasting military and colonial policies towards women and marriage, and how these were experienced by soldier settlers and their families. Lastly, the livelihood of soldier settlers is explored – the thesis investigating what sort of civilian lives soldier settlers experienced and how they made a living for themselves and their families. Utilising newspapers, reminiscences, biography, and government records the diversity of work army veterans undertook in the colony is uncovered. Notable trends include continued military-style roles and community leadership. The failed farming enterprise is also emphasised. Going further, it offers analysis of the later years of life and the different experiences of soldier settlers in their twilight years, particularly for those with and without family networks in the colony. The thesis challenges the separation between 'war' and 'settlement' by focusing on a group whose history spanned both sides of the nineteenth-century world of colony and empire.

Ko ngā muka oÿ te rino : threads of the two-stranded rope / Rhonda Powell, Elisabeth McDonald, Māmari Stephens and Rosemary Hunter -- Law in Aotearoa New Zealand / Māmari Stephens and Rhonda Powell -- Introducing the feminist and mana wahine judgments / Rosemary Hunter, Māmari Stephens, Elisabeth McDonald and Rhonda Powell -- Taylor v Attorney General [2015] NZHC 1706, commentary : disengaging the disengaged / Margaret Wilson and Julia Amua Whaipooti, judgment : Mihiata Pirini and Lisa Yarwood -- Brooker v Police [2007] NZSC 307, commentary : rights balancing rejected / Ursula Cheer, judgment : Janet McLean -- Ruka v Department of Social Welfare [1997] 1 NZLR 154, commentary : defining a relationship for the purposes of state support / Catriona MacLennan, judgment : Māmari Stephens -- Lawson v Housing New Zealand [1997] 2 NZLR 474, commentary : state housing, market rents and families facing eviction / Dean R Knight, judgment : Natalie Baird -- Seales v Attorney-General [2015] NZHC 1239, commentary : the potential interface of gender and vulnerability in legal contexts / Kate Diesfeld, judgment : Joanna Manning -- Hallagan v Medical Council of New Zealand HC Wellington CIV-2010-485-222, 2 December 2010, commentary : whose choice, whose conscience? / Colin Gavaghan, judgment : Rhonda Powell -- Re W [PPPR] ('Re Williams[PPPR]') (1993) 11 FRNZ 108, commentary : caring for the pregnant woman / Rosemary Hunter, judgment : Holly Hedley -- Quilter v Attorney General [1997] NZCA 207, commentary : same-sex marriage and the Marriage Act / Wendy Aldred, judgment : Clare Abaffy -- Amo'h v Ajo'h (Caldwell v Caldwell) [2010] NZFC 48, commentary : the case of the missing woman / Erin Ebborn, judgment: Ruth Ballantyne -- V v V [2002] NZFLR 1105, commentary : a fair share of the pavlova? / Vivienne Crawshaw and Khyati Shah, judgment : John Adams -- Lankow v Rose [1995] 1 NZLR 277, commentary : property division on the breakdown of a de facto relationship : the search for a just outcome / Nicola Peart and Kyla Mullen, judgment : Mark Bennett -- Director of Human Rights Proceedings v Goodrum [2002] NZHRRT 13, commentary : the challenge of proving discrimination in the face of bias and gender stereotyping / Sam Bookman and Gayathiri Ganeshan, judgment : Selene Mize -- Air Nelson v C [2011] NZCA 466, commentary : she said, he said, from myth to reality / Annick Masselot, judgment : Jenny Catran and Martha Coleman -- Stephens v Barron [2014] NZCA 82, commentary : should company law principles affect duty of care analysis? / Liesle Theron, judgment : Victoria Stace -- Bruce v Edwards [2002] NZCA 294, commentary : taonga tuku iho, the generational treasure of land / Jacinta Ruru, judgment : Kerensa Johnston and Mariah Hori Te Pa -- Waipapakura v Hempton (1914) 33 NZLR 1065, commentary : whitebait for the people / John Dawson, judgment : Emma Gattey -- Squid Fishery Management Company Ltd v Minister of Fisheries (CA39/04, 7 April 2004), commentary : an ecofeminist approach to the impact of fisheries on sea lion mortality / Joanna Mossop, judgment: Nicola Wheen -- West Coast Ent Inc v Buller Coal Lltd [2013] NZSC 87, commentary : broadening an ethic of care to recognise responsibility for climate change / Catherine Iorns, judgment : Estair van Wagner -- R v S [2015] NZHC 801, commentary : reasonable grounds to believe an unconscious woman is consenting? : the relevance of advance consent / Elisabeth McDonald, judgment : Paulette Benton-Greig -- R v Sturm [2004] 1 NZLR 570, commentary : "well, what did you think would happen?" / Cassandra Mudgway, judgment : Sarah Croskery-Hewitt -- Vuletich v R [2010] NZCA 102, commentary : when is sexual violence against adults unusual? : the admissibility of propensity evidence / Elisabeth McDonald, judgment: Carissa Cross -- Police v Kawiti [2000] 1 NZLR 117, commentary : Kāwiti at the centre / Julia Tolmie and Khylee Quince, judgment : Khylee Quince and Julia Tolmie -- R v Wang [1990] 2 NZLR 529, commentary : finding a plausible and credible narrative of self-defence / Lexie Kirkconnell-Kawana and Alarna Sharratt, judgment : Brenda Midson -- R v Te Tomo [2012] NZHC 71, commentary : the truth about sentencing Maori women : giving context to the meaning of mana wahine / Linda Hasan-Stein and Valmaine Toki, judgment : Valmaine Toki -- R v Taueki [2005] NZCA 174, commentary : sentencing guidelines for domestic violence : the missing factors / Yvette Tinsley, judgment : Frances Gourlay.

My research is concerned with the formation of artists as creative subjects in an increasingly neoliberalised art world. This study examines to what extent does the artist-run space offer alternatives to current neoliberal orthodoxy in the art world. There has been little research to understand the lived experiences of emerging visual artists within neoliberalism. The thesis is located in museum studies but stretches beyond this field in an interdisciplinary approach to explore the complexity of what it means to both make art and self-organise. The thesis presents multiple case-study research into three New Zealand artist-run spaces; RM, Enjoy Contemporary Art Space and Meanwhile. Qualitative research brings the experiences of artist-run space participants to the fore through interviews, examining how they understand and articulate their involvement, negotiate tensions over power, and position themselves in an art world that seeks to enfold them in its own narratives. I analyse and discuss the findings through a series of connecting theoretical frameworks—assemblage theory, creative labour and governmentality—which together map the distinct practices that shape, and reshape, the artist-run space. My research contributes to literature on creative workers within neoliberalism, providing new knowledge about tactics and strategies deployed by emerging visual artists to carve space for their activities on their own terms. The thesis argues that while artist-run spaces are embedded in the mainstream through both networks of strategic reciprocity and funding imperatives, the nuances which define an individual artist-run space are both broader and messier than their increasingly formal structure suggests. The identity formation of the artists and creative workers whose hard work and passion keep artist-run spaces going is similarly compromised, confounding simplistic readings. I propose that the notion of 'alternative' is too binary an understanding to describe artist-run spaces within a time of neoliberalism, instead, this thesis seeks to complicate and problematise the term.