Search results

All companies, regardless of the sector they belong to, can positively or negatively impact human rights. Governments are increasingly aware of the benefits that free trade brings their nations, which has led them to do whatever is necessaryto attract foreign investment, even if it means to act against the interests of their own people. The power relationship between corporations and states generates a tension derived from their nature: while the objective of states is the welfare ofits members, the purpose of corporations is profit. It is in the crack generated by the collision of powers and purposes between these two actors, that this article is intended to raise the discussion on the need to establish an international framework for corporate liability for human rights violations. To achieve its goal, the article will analyze the opportunities and obstacles raised by the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the American context and its relationship with the developments in the business and human rights field.

All companies, regardless of the sector they belong to, can positively or negatively impact human rights. Governments are increasingly aware of the benefits that free trade brings their nations, which has led them to do whatever is necessaryto attract foreign investment, even if it means to act against the interests of their own people. The power relationship between corporations and states generates a tension derived from their nature: while the objective of states is the welfare ofits members, the purpose of corporations is profit. It is in the crack generated by the collision of powers and purposes between these two actors, that this article is intended to raise the discussion on the need to establish an international framework for corporate liability for human rights violations. To achieve its goal, the article will analyze the opportunities and obstacles raised by the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the American context and its relationship with the developments in the business and human rights field.

It is made a review of researchs and documents focused in the relation between photography and collective memory trough photoarchives of human rights, and the function that have the museums, documentation centers or memory places where they are. For the material's selection it was attended to their availability in indexed databases with prestige: Web of Science, Scielo, EbscoHost, DOAJ, and Dialnet, with descriptors as photograph and memory, photoarchive, collective memory and museums, and papers between 2006 and 2015. The material is organized in function of a series of questions about the conservation of a photoarchive and its role in collective memory of vulnerable population. The memory places reflects a tension between political interests and the vulnerable population's need for expression and for to testify about the human's right's violations. The photographic material organization set up difficults respect the conservation and classification with the quantity of digital images that are produced today.

The argumentative analysis on human rights and human sovereignty, is conceived with the purpose of reflecting on the complexities that represent as a social phenomenon, either human rights or sovereignty. Human rights, sovereignty, globalization and external debt are interconnected issues, which explain a correlation between them, that can be positive if there is citizenship capable of undertaking actions in progress of their people, and will be negative in the measure this citizenship does not exist and society becomes dependent on external agents to work on its development. If sovereignty is overturned, the human rights of the people who inhabit a certain territory are violated, this violation can be by the State itself or by external States. To be sovereign, it is necessary to have citizens in knowledge and fulfillment of their constitutional rights and duties. Democracy and human rights are a complex network, as the model of political philosophy that develops in a particular country, will be the management of human rights. ; El análisis argumentativo sobre los derechos humanos y soberanía humana, se concibe con la finalidad de reflexionar sobre lo complejo que representan como fenómeno social, tanto los derechos humanos como la soberanía. Los derechos humanos, soberanía, globalización y deuda externa, son temas interconectados entre sí, lo cual índice en una correlación entre los mismos, la cual puede ser positiva si existe ciudadanía en capacidad de emprender acciones en progreso de su pueblo, será negativa en la medida que esta ciudadanía no exista y la sociedad se constituya en dependiente de agentes externos para trabajar en su desarrollo. Si se trastoca la soberanía, se violan los derechos humanos de las personas que habitan un determinado territorio, esta violación puede ser por el propio Estado o por Estados externos. Para ser soberanos es necesario contar con ciudadanos en conocimiento y cumplimiento de sus deberes y derechos constitucionales. La democracia y los derechos humanos se constituyen un entramado complejo, por cuanto sea el modelo de filosofía política que se desarrolle en un determinado país, será el manejo de los derechos humanos.

The purpose of this Article is to analyse evolutionary trends in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). To achieve this goal, a wide range of general philosophical methods were used. The Article submits that the ECHR has shown a growing commitment to the evolutionary method of interpretation, using the doctrine of a "living instrument", the ECHR, which is particularly important for Member States with specific problems, although this method limits the scope in the discretion of the State. It is concluded that the interpretative methodology used by the ECHR involves the use of its methods, including increasingly developing methods of consensus, efficiency, judicial activism, comparison, innovative interpretation, autonomous method, and "balance" method. This demonstrates, inter alia, the unlimited potential to improve the ECHR's interpretation of conventional standards. In the context of modern transformations in the direction of proactive international justice, judicial activism objectively departs from a formal application of legal norms and reflects the ECHR's desire to protect the fundamental human rights of individuals and communicatethem.

La globalización permeó las fronteras artificiales existentes entre la economía y la sociedad alrededor del mundo. Las actividades empresariales en este ambiente globalizado ha servido como catalizador de las violaciones de derechos humanos como consecuencia de la ausencia de la protección institucional algunas empresas han explotado los vacíos jurídicos y la falta de protección de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, para lograr un cambio paradigmático requiere un fuerte énfasis en los derechos y las obligaciones de las empresas. Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de las obligaciones de las empresas en material de derechos humanos frente a la falta de cláusulas de estabilización en los contratos de inversión extranjera. En primer lugar, estas cláusulas son examinadas en relación con la responsabilidad en las obligaciones corporativas con relación a los derechos humanos fundamentales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se analizan las dimensiones sustantivas y procesales de las cláusulas de estabilización. En segundo lugar, apelando a los ejemplos concretos del Acuerdo para el desarrollo de la Minería entre Mittal Steel y el Gobierno de Liberia, así como el proyecto del Oleoducto de Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan como casos de análisis, este artículo busca la aplicación de las cláusulas de estabilidad en las inversiones extranjeras con relación a la protección de los derechos humanos por parte de los Estados y de las empresas. En tercer lugar, se propone una modificación a la forma como se introduce la cláusula relativa a los derechos humanos. En este orden de ideas, los derechos humanos de los inversionistas, específicamente de las empresas, deben ser incluidos en los acuerdos de inversión extranjera. ; Globalisation has blurred the artificial borders that exist between economies and societies around the world. The activities of corporations in this globalised environment have often served as the catalyst for human rights violations; due to the lack of institutional protection, some corporations are able to exploit regulatory lacunae and the lack of human rights protection. It appears that the paradigmatic change demands an equal emphasis of rights and obligations of corporations. This article discusses and critically analyses corporate human rights obligations and the lack thereof under stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts. First, stabilization clauses in foreign investment agreements are examined in relation to corporate obligations and responsibility for fundamental human rights. In doing so the substantive and procedural dimension of stabilization clauses is analysed. Second, using the concrete examples of the Mineral Development Agreement between Mittal Steel and the Government of Liberia Mittal Steel Agreement and of the Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan Pipeline Project as case studies, this article considers an application of stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts in relation to the fundamental human rights obligation of states and of corporations. Third, a proposal for reform in the form of a fundamental human rights clause is introduced. To be clear, the argument here is that the fundamental human rights obligations of investors, particularly of corporations, must be included in foreign investment agreements.

Globalisation has blurred the artificial borders that exist between economies and societies around the world. The activities of corporations in this globalised environment have often served as the catalyst for human rights violations; due to the lack of institutional protection, some corporations are able to exploit regulatory lacunae and the lack of human rights protection. It appears that the paradigmatic change demands an equal emphasis of rights and obligations of corporations. This article discusses and critically analyses corporate human rights obligations and the lack thereof under stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts. First, stabilization clauses in foreign investment agreements are examined in relation to corporate obligations and responsibility for fundamental human rights. In doing so the substantive and procedural dimension of stabilization clauses is analysed. Second, using the concrete examples of the Mineral Development Agreement between Mittal Steel and the Government of Liberia Mittal Steel Agreement and of the Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan Pipeline Project as case studies, this article considers an application of stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts in relation to the fundamental human rights obligation of states and of corporations. Third, a proposal for reform in the form of a fundamental human rights clause is introduced. To be clear, the argument here is that the fundamental human rights obligations of investors, particularly of corporations, must be included in foreign investment agreements. ; La globalización permeó las fronteras artificiales existentes entre la economía y la sociedad alrededor del mundo. Las actividades empresariales en este ambiente globalizado ha servido como catalizador de las violaciones de derechos humanos como consecuencia de la ausencia de la protección institucional algunas empresas han explotado los vacíos jurídicos y la falta de protección de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, para lograr un cambio paradigmático requiere un fuerte énfasis en los derechos y las obligaciones de las empresas. Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de las obligaciones de las empresas en material de derechos humanos frente a la falta de cláusulas de estabilización en los contratos de inversión extranjera. En primer lugar, estas cláusulas son examinadas en relación con la responsabilidad en las obligaciones corporativas con relación a los derechos humanos fundamentales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se analizan las dimensiones sustantivas y procesales de las cláusulas de estabilización. En segundo lugar, apelando a los ejemplos concretos del Acuerdo para el desarrollo de la Minería entre Mittal Steel y el Gobierno de Liberia, así como el proyecto del Oleoducto de Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan como casos de análisis, este artículo busca la aplicación de las cláusulas de estabilidad en las inversiones extranjeras con relación a la protección de los derechos humanos por parte de los Estados y de las empresas. En tercer lugar, se propone una modificación a la forma como se introduce la cláusula relativa a los derechos humanos. En este orden de ideas, los derechos humanos de los inversionistas, específicamente de las empresas, deben ser incluidos en los acuerdos de inversión extranjera.

What we actually know as human rights are integrated with all inherent rights and freedoms in human beings, concentrated and proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948; they constitute the result of society's evolutionary process, whose commitment to a better world, present them as the determinant element from which it aims to address social problems. They imply the convergence between ethics, human dignity, politics and law. Due to their complexity, this work approach them from a qualitative focus, analyzing its configuration from: three historical-philosophical moments a) modernity, b) postmodernity and c) ultramodernity; its principles, generations and international protection systems of which Mexico takes part, whom constitutionally establishes their recognition, observance, protection and assurance, which lead to a reflection about the prevailing situation regarding human rights.

La construcción de la historia moderna depende en parte de los valores y de las herramientas políticas que la personas tienen a su alcance como individuos: la democracia y los derechos humanos. Utilizando la paz como punto inicial y moviéndose a través de la evolución más reciente, este artículo explora conexiones entre la democracia, los derechos humanos y la paz, describiendo las distintas herramientas disponibles en sus respectivas y mutuas evoluciones. El lugar que la paz puede ocupar en las constituciones se explora en este artículo, junto a la posibilidad y la ventaja que tiene concebir dicha paz como un derecho humano. En tanto que «el progreso está en camino», el artículo muestra las avenidas transitables y los diferentes caminos disponibles para participar en esta evolución.

refutation of the opposition between political doctrine of human rights and the theory of positivism ; International audience ; refutation of the opposition between political doctrine of human rights and the theory of positivism ; refutation de la oposition entre la doctrina politica de los derechos humanos y la teoria del positivismo

"Thirteenth annual forum of the Commission for the Defense of Human Rights in Central America. Essay by Hinkelammert argues neoliberalism is antistatist, in opposition to popular movements, and reduces the State to a defense of the economic marketplace. Discussion by representatives of each country"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57